Medical Advancement As A Medical Doctor - 807 Words

The individual in humanity is fueled by a passion he or she delves upon. It may range from an array of academics to public concerns to a philosophical emphasis. Therefore, I consider medical advancement as my enthusiasm to my intellectual character. As a young boy, the biology and chemical milieu of our body has always captured my attention since I was familiar on how the body’s various organs were organized. As such, I consider my persona as positive, focally goal-oriented, and optimistic in my morals As a toddler, my fascination with cars was a bit extreme. Collecting as many model vehicles as I could and memorizing all of the respective names by heart, I felt I was going to be an automotive professional. In a leisurely pursuit, my passion and knowledge for the anatomy of automobiles parallels my aspiration and interest in studying the human body and ultimately realizing my ambition in becoming a medical doctor. For those who have not focused on what’s under the hood of a car, and are less fortunate in understanding all those mechanistic components, vehicles systems are analogous to the human body. Simply put, an engine’s cooling system is like the body’s circulatory system. When we have a fever, a sensor initiates our private thermostat, the hypothalamus, resulting in sweating and other ways of cooling. My fervor for automobiles derives from my close uncle, who unfortunately passed away in a vehicle accident with a traumatic head injury resulting in a hards hip at the endShow MoreRelatedOrgan Donation Essay806 Words   |  4 Pagesto fifty lives. Kidneys, hearts, lungs, livers, and other major organs have been applicable for organ transplants. Doctors performed the first procedure of this kind in the mid-1950s and since sustained many lives, earning the common name a â€Å"gift of life.† These surgeries have led to many innovative procedures that can solve problems that once seemed insoluble. Medical advancements, such as transplants, are ethical and necessary for promoting the well-being of society and saving lives. For manyRead MoreAdvancements Of Medicine : Medical Medicine1317 Words   |  6 PagesTechnological Advancements in Medicine In the past, doctors have used old ways of writing prescriptions and keeping health records. The days of the doctor writing a prescription on a pad in handwriting only they can read are over. Also, electronic health records make accessing records a breeze. The doctor’s experience now is much easier now with implementations of virtual prescription, electronic health records, and the ability to speak with a doctor from the comfort of your own home. In the futureRead MoreAdvancements in Med-Care since the Civil War Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern medicine† (â€Å"Civil War Medicine Quotes†). Contamination of medical equipment, poor sanitation methods, and lack of efficient medical procedures all led to the spread of disease, which resulted in death. However, modern medicine has significantly improved from the Civil War, due to its horrendous medical practices. The Civil War had countless impacts on the nation, but its most significant impacts were the advance s in medical equipment, procedures and sanitation. Among diseases and injuriesRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Medical Field1206 Words   |  5 PagesTechnological advancements in healthcare are moving at a very fast pace in the world today. There are no signs that in the future, it will slow down. The impact of technology on the medical field is immense. Computers have provided technological advancement in many fields but in the field of medicine, in the last decade, advancements have had an enormous impact. Innovative technologies assist healthcare professionals to diagnose, treat and care for patients. For example, information is readilyRead MoreMedicinal Practices from the American Revolution to the War of 18121308 Words   |  5 Pageseducated doctors and nurses can treat wounds and injuries with proper care, but this taken for granted assistance wasn’t always readily available. In the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, nearly 30,000 American soldiers died. However, rather than being killed on the battlef ield, the majority of soldiers died while being treated in medical tents. More often then not, the work of doctors and surgeons resulted in worsening the state of their patients, frequently causing their death. Medical practitionersRead MoreThe Infamous Story Of Dr. Jack Kevorkian1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe infamous story of Dr. Jack Kevorkian is a unique one. Professor Hengameh M. Hosseini wrote how he was a doctor and was one of the first notable physicians to aid in suicide for his patients that wanted it. In 1989 Kevorkian aided in Janet Adkins suicide, his first patient to do so. After many years of helping his patients in this way, Kevorkian got in trouble in 1998 when he got caught administering a lethal injection to Thomas York, a patient who was suffering from Lou Gehrig’s disease and wantedRead MoreScience Is A Division Of Health Care1670 Words   |  7 Pagesuse technology! A recent advancement in X-Ray is that technology has been made to make the machines portable. This makes it more convenient for both patients and healthcare workers because the patient can simply stay in one location. The machine itself costs around $20,000 and are very compact, weighing around ninety pounds. These machines upload the scans taken via wireless internet connection and can be sent to anyone who has access, such as the patient and the doctors who have that patient. BecauseRead MoreGrowth Of Americas Health Care997 Words   |  4 Pageshas affected the health care system today. It will discuss the advancements made in technology and medical services that have evolved over two centuries. It will review how health care delivery has evolved and impacted today’s health system. The delivery of medical services has changed over many decades. The culture, social economics, and political views, have influenced society on how the medical services and advancements in medical technology have evolved. The three phases of health care structuralRead More Advancements in Medical Technology Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesAdvancements in Medical Technology Advancements in technology, especially advancements in computers, have caused a major impact on today’s society.â€Å"More specifically, profound effect on modern day medicine.†[instruct.lanagara.ba.ca 1.] [1] It has changed almost every aspect of the medical field, from the instruments used to the medicines prescribed to the operations preformed.â€Å"New technologies allow healthcare professionals to save people they never could have saved before.†[collegeview.comRead MoreGoogle Glass Of Surgeries : General Purpose975 Words   |  4 PagesApril 2015 Informative Outline Topic: Google Glass in Surgeries General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: My purpose is to inform the audience about the invention of the Google Glass and all the various ways doctors incorporate it into surgeries. Thesis: Just as medical advancements have rapidly progressed within society, the Google Glass is now being utilized in hospitals because it offers many advantages to surgeons including ease of teaching surgical techniques, accessible communication,

Life and Work of Roy Lichtenstein, Pop Art Pioneer

Roy Lichtenstein  (born Roy Fox Lichtenstein; October 27, 1923  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  September 29, 1997) was one of the most prominent figures in the Pop Art movement in the United States. His use  of  comic book art as source material to create large-scale works in the Ben-Day dot method became a trademark of his work. Throughout his career, he explored art in a wide range of media, from painting to sculpture and even film. Fast Facts: Roy Lichtenstein Occupation:  ArtistBorn:  October 27, 1923 in New York City, New YorkDied:  September 29, 1997 in New York City, New YorkEducation:  Ohio State University, M.F.A.Notable Works:  Masterpiece  (1962),  Whaam!  (1963),  Drowning Girl (1963),  Brushstrokes  (1967)Key Accomplishments:  American Academy of Arts and Letters (1979), National Medal of the Arts (1995)Spouse(s):  Isabel Wilson (1949-1965), Dorothy Herzka (1968-1997)Children:  David Lichtenstein, Mitchell LichtensteinFamous Quote:  I like to pretend that my art has nothing to do with me. Early Life and Career Born and raised in New York City, Roy Lichtenstein was the oldest child of an upper-middle-class Jewish family. His father, Milton Lichtenstein, was a successful real estate broker, and his mother Beatrice was a homemaker. Roy attended public school until he was 12  years old. He then attended a private college preparatory high school until he graduated in 1940.   Lichtenstein discovered his love of art in school. He played piano and clarinet, and was a  fan of jazz music. He  often drew images of jazz musicians and their instruments. While in high school, Lichtenstein enrolled in summer classes of the Art Students League of New York City, where his primary mentor was the painter Reginald Marsh. In September 1940, Roy entered Ohio State University, where he studied art and other subjects. His primary influences were Pablo Picasso and Rembrandt, and he  often stated that Picassos Guernica was his favorite painting. In 1943, World War II interrupted Roy Lichtensteins education. He served for three years in the U.S. Army and continued as a student at Ohio State University in 1946 with assistance from the G.I. bill. Hoyt L. Sherman, one of his professors, had a significant influence on the young artists future development. Lichtenstein earned his Master of Fine Arts from Ohio State in 1949. Early Success Lichtenstein had his first solo show in New York City in 1951,  years after he graduated from Ohio State. His work at the time fluctuated between Cubism and Expressionism. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, for six years, then in 1957 returned to New York, where he briefly dabbled in abstract expressionism. Lichtenstein took a position teaching at Rutgers University in 1960. One of his colleagues, Alan Kaprow, a pioneer of performance art, became a new significant influence. In 1961, Roy Lichtenstein produced his first pop paintings. He incorporated the comic style of printing with Ben-Day dots to create the painting Look Mickey, featuring the characters Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. Reportedly, he was responding to a challenge by one of his sons, who pointed at Mickey Mouse in a comic book and said, I bet you cant paint as good as that, eh, Dad? In 1962, Lichtenstein had a solo show at the Castelli Gallery in New York City. All of his pieces were purchased  by influential collectors before the show even opened. In 1964, amid his growing fame, Lichtenstein resigned from his faculty position at Rutgers to concentrate on his painting. Emergence as a Pop Artist   In 1963, Roy Lichtenstein created two of the best-known works of his entire career: Drowning Girl and Whaam!, both of which  were adapted from DC comic books. Drowning Girl, in particular, exemplifies his  approach to creating pop art pieces out of existing comic art. He cropped the original image to make a new dramatic statement, and  used a shorter, and more direct, version of the text from the original comic. The massive increase in size gives the piece a very different impact from the original comic  book panel. Much like Andy Warhol, Lichtensteins work generated questions about the nature and interpretation of art. While some celebrated the audacity of his work, Lichtenstein was heavily criticized by those who argued that his pieces were empty copies of something that already existed. Life magazine ran an article in 1964 titled, Is He the Worst Artist in the U.S.? The relative lack of emotional engagement in his work was seen as a slap in the face to the soul-baring approach of abstract expressionism.   In 1965, Lichtenstein  abandoned the use of  comic book images as primary source material.  Some critics are still bothered by the fact that royalties were never paid to the artists who created the original images used in Lichtensteins large-scale works.   In the 1960s, Roy Lichtenstein also created cartoon-style works with Ben-Day dots that reinterpreted classic paintings by art masters, including  Cezanne, Mondrian, and Picasso. In the latter part of the decade, he created series of paintings that depicted comic-style versions of brushstrokes.  The works took the most elemental form of traditional painting and turned it into a pop art object, and were intended to be a send-up of abstract expressionisms emphasis on gestural painting. Later Life In 1970, Roy Lichtenstein bought a former carriage house in Southampton, Long Island, New York. There, Lichtenstein  built a studio and spent most of the rest of the decade out of the public spotlight. He included representations of his older works in some of his new paintings. Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, he also worked on still lifes, sculptures, and drawings.   Late in his career, Lichtenstein received  commissions for large-scale public works. These works include the 26-foot  Mural with Blue Brushstrokes at New Yorks Equitable Center, created in 1984, and the 53-foot Times Square Mural for the New Yorks Times Square Bus Station, created in 1994. The corporate logo for Dreamworks Records, commissioned by David Geffen and Mo Ostin, was Lichtensteins last completed commission before his death. Lichtenstein died of pneumonia on  September 29, 1997  after several weeks of hospitalization. Legacy Roy Lichtenstein was one of the leading figures in the Pop Art movement. His method of turning ordinary comic strip panels into monumental pieces was his way of elevating what he felt were dumb cultural artifacts. He referred to pop art as industrial painting, a term that reveals the movements roots in mass production of common images.   The monetary value of Roy Lichtensteins work continues to increase. The  1962 painting Masterpiece  which sold for $165 million in 2017, features a cartoon bubble whose text is seen as a wry prediction of Lichtensteins fame: My, soon you will have all of New York clamoring for your work. Sources Wagstaff, Sheena.  Roy Lichtenstein: A Retrospective.  Yale University Press, 2012.Waldman, Diane.  Roy Lichtenstein. Guggenheim Museum Publications, 1994.

The Global Financial Crisis Has Caused A Massive...

The global financial crisis has caused a massive deterioration in public finances in the euro area. The 2009 recession severely curtailed public revenues and weighed heavily on the welfare state. In addition, states have boarded on bank bailouts and costly stimulus packages. In 2010, no country belonging to the euro area was able to comply with the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). Public debt in the euro area increased from 65% to 85% of GDP between 2007 and 2010. This debt crisis was certainly foreseeable, but the difficulty with the debt of the states lies in the history that can be made for each country, notably Greece, Ireland, Spain, Italy and Portugal. In fact, all countries have followed different paths and today they are burdened with debts more or less important that have multiple causes. The common cause that has weighed in all states is the gradual weakening of economic growth. Beginning in the 1970s, with highs and lows, the euro area tends to grow less strongly, resulting in a limit on the resources of states to meet their needs. We also observe the widespread phenomenon in all Western countries and Japan, namely the demographic aging, which gives rise to additional burdens with which European states can not cheat, cease paying pensions or cease Care for elderly people who are sick and dependent. These are general factors to which are added factors such as the lack of awareness of the new competition of Asian and emerging countrie s, which affects both theShow MoreRelatedFactors That Affects The Global Economy And Its Impact On The Nigeria And Egypt Economy1568 Words   |  7 Pagesthe factors that affects the global economy and their impact on the Nigeria and Egypt economy. In 2007, the financial crisis, which later extended to the global financial crisis began in the United States of America. The origin and elements of the 2007/2012 global financial crisis have been widely discussed in the literature throughout the period. The aim of this work is to, however, try to point out the reasons and also the macroeconomic effects of the financial crisis in both countries economy andRead MoreHousing Bubble2922 Words   |  12 PagesAccording to Wikipedia a housing bubble is a type of economic bubble that occurs periodically in local or global real estate markets. It is characterized by rapid increases in valuations of real property such as housing until they reach unsustainable levels and then decline. Four years into the housing bubble downturn, much of the country remains hopelessly confused about what happened, why it happened and who is to blame. In my research paper I will try and demonstrate what a housing bubble is,Read More Global Monetary Depression2078 Words   |  9 PagesWhether or not one believes that the 17th century global monetary depression actually occurred or if there even was a â€Å"general crisis† to begin with, it has been widely apparent that from 1601 to 1680, a transformation in economic history and a decline in transnational finance was underway. We cannot mistaken—though richly diverse the economy—a specific geographical region as if it fiscally rose or declined in isolation. Comparative studies are crucial; however, â€Å"it is yet another argument againstRead MoreThe Latin American Debt Crisis1584 Words   |  7 Pages The Latin American Debt crisis did not occur over night, the crisis was many years in the making and signs of its arriva l were prominent in Latin American society. The reasons for its occurrence are also expansive; some fault can also be place in countries outside of Latin America. The growth rate in the real domestic product of many Latin American countries grew at a constantly high rate in the decade prior to the crisis in the 1980s, this growth led to an increase in foreign investment, corporateRead MoreEuro Crisis2929 Words   |  12 PagesEUROPEAN DEBT CRISIS – ORIGIN, CONSEQUENCES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS F RA N TI Ã…   E K N E M E T H Abstract What is the European debt crisis? As the head of the Bank of England referred to it in October 2011, it is â€Å"the most serious financial crisis at least since the 1930s, if not ever.†1 In fact, the European debt crisis is the shorthand term for the region’s struggle to pay the debts it has built up in recent decades. Five of the region’s countries – Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, and SpainRead MoreFinancial Crisis in South Korea2152 Words   |  9 Pagesmanagement | South Korea, financial crisis | Melissa MactavieJodie MackayTeboho LentoSifiso MashishiKarushka naidoo | South Korea’s current account balance started to deteriorate in 1990, due to the rising inflation, appreciation of the Korean won and the recession of the world economy. In 1991 the current account recorded a deficit of $8.7 billion, which was more than four times the level of the preceding year. The Korean government encouraged capital inflows in order to finance the growing currentRead MoreEssay on Leadership Challenges and Strategies in a Post-GFC World1460 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness today has to face many difficulties especially in a post-GFC world. To sustain and survive over this period, there have been many challenges that business leadership has to deal with. Besides that, business leaders has also confront with many challenges in the arrangement with the effects of the GFC. In response to this outcome, many organizations have been used innovative leadership approaches. The intention of this discussion is to discuss about these mentioned above. Firstly, there areRead MoreForeign Investment During the Recent Global Economic Recession4207 Words   |  17 PagesInvestment during the recent global economic recession ABSTRACT:- The year 2008 marked the end of a growth cycle in international investment that started in 2004 and saw world foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows reach a historic record of $1.9 trillion in 2007. Since then FDIs have been decreasing. The fall in global FDI in 2008–2009 is the result of two major factors affecting domestic as well as international investment. First, the capability of firms to invest has been reduced by a fall inRead MoreAnalysis Of Ben Bernanke s Global Saving Glut View Of Global Imbalances2762 Words   |  12 PagesBernanke’s â€Å"global saving glut† view of global imbalances, the causes related to it, the possible policies applicable and its extent of reliability in comparison to other views, such as the Borio and Disyatat’s â€Å"excess elasticity† one. To well address this concept, the current account and concepts related to it will be explained with the big deficits and surpluses issues that have arisen since 1990s. Then Bernanke’s thoughts and the extent to which his view can be connected to the economic crisis willRead More1997 Asian Financial Crisis4291 Words   |  18 Pages1997 Asian Financial Crisis Angelica M. Montefalcon 4FM2 I. Introduction For about twenty years, East-Asian countries were held up as economic idols. They were hailed as the ideal models for strong economic growth of developing countries because of their high savings and investment rates, autocratic political systems, export-oriented business, restricted domestic markets, government capital allocation, and controlled financial systems. They were even stories about â€Å"The East Asian

Scarlet Letter Images Free Essays

Joseph Gurke 10. 17. 2012 Ms. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlet Letter Images or any similar topic only for you Order Now Boas P. 1 The Scarlet Letter Light, Dark, Sunlight and Shadows Throughout his entire life, Nathaniel Hawthorne had lived in seclusion from people and society, isolating himself and his thoughts behind a mysterious shade. This may explain why the themes of sin, secrecy and guilt are used in Hawthorne’s fiction, exploring hidden human dimensions. The images of sin, secrecy, and guilt are constantly portrayed in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, The Scarlet Letter, through the presence of recurring motifs of light and dark, sunlight and shadows; as these themes aid the reader’s depiction of the separation between evil and goodness. Images of light are seen throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter. These images illuminate a character’s true intention and personality, yet at the same time, force a character to hide certain aspects of his personality while under the public eye. The view of Hester on the scaffold, when she is receiving her punishment for adultery in front of the public eye, the image of light illuminates her scarlet letter and sin; liberating Hester from public judgment and the pain of concealing sin, â€Å"Those who had before known her, and had expected to behold her dimmed and obscured by a disastrous cloud, were astonished, and even startled, to perceive how here beauty shown out, and made a halo of the misfortune and ignominy in which she was enveloped. † (49). The fact the Hester’s sin is known to all and that she is stands tall with her baby in her arms and the scarlet letter on her chest shows that she no longer needs to conceal anything from the public eye, â€Å"And never had Hester Prynne appeared more lady-like, in the antique interpretation of the term, than as she issued from the prison. † (49). After being revealed to the public, Hester must now live in isolation with nature, self-reliance and non-conformity being the ethics in her life; yet having the relief of wearing sin on her chest. Sunlight is a naturally occurring light and one that reflects goodness and pureness in characters. It is a positive image, representing cleanliness and lack of sin in this novel. When in the forest with Pearl, the sunlight avoids Hester completely while she carries the scarlet letter on her chest, â€Å"Mother,† said little Pearl, â€Å"the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom. . . . It will not flee from me; for I wear nothing on my bosom yet! †(161). When she removes the letter, sunlight flows into the forest, bringing everything to light and removing any shadows present, â€Å"So speaking, she undid the clasps that fastened the scarlet letter, and, taking it from her bosom, through it to a distance among the withered leaves. † (191) â€Å"All at once, as with the sudden smile of heaven, forth burst the sunshine, pouring a very flood into the obscure forest, gladdening each green leaf, transmuting the yellow fallen ones to gold, and gleaming adown the grey trunks of the solemn trees. The objects that had made a shadow hitherto, embodied the brightness now. †(191). The sunlight represents cleanliness; washing sin, secrecy and guilt from characters, allowing them to feel a sense of freedom, â€Å"Her sex, her youth, and the whole richness of her beauty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (190). With the absence of the scarlet letter, sunlight floods the forest and surrounding area around Hester and Dimmesdale, removing any shadows, which represent evil and bondage, and with this flood of sunshine comes a new feeling of freedom for both, exactly what sunshine represents in the text, â€Å"And as if the gloom of the earth and the sky had been but the effluence of those two mortal hearts, it vanished with their sorrow. (190). Darkness is a constant theme in this novel, representing guilt, sin and secrecy, major themes that Nathaniel Hawthorne incorporates into his literature. Dimmesdale, Hester and Pearl meet on the scaffold, under the darkness of night and shadows, the only time that Dimmesdale can express his sin and evil, â€Å"Mr. Dimmesdale reached the spot wher e, now so long since, Hester Prynne had lived through her first hours of public ignominy. † (133). The scaffold shows the irony of Hester and Dimmesdale’s situation because Hester, in the daylight reveals her sin to the town and could be freed from the bondage of hiding sin, and now Dimmesdale, after seven years is revealing his sin on the scaffold to only Hester at night, still feeling the pain of bondage and concealment of this sin. It is the only time that Dimmesdale, Hester’s lover and Pearl’s father ever embraces them and can openly reveal his sin, but the darkness does not allow him to be free. The minister felt for the child’s other hand and took it. The moment that he did so, there came what seemed tumultuous rush of new life, other life than his own, pouring like a torrent into his heart, and hurrying through his veins, as if the mother and child were communicating their vital warmth to his half-torpid system. The three formed and electrical chain. † (142). This love that the minister feels frees him of his bondage and cleanses his soul for a moment in time, yet this moment is enveloped back by the surrounding darkness that takes all hope of escape from him. Hester experienced this escape on the same scaffold that they are on yet in the light that allowed her to live the rest of her life without this bondage to sin, that under darkness, the minister cannot be free. Light, dark, shadows and sunlight, are all motifs that Nathaniel Hawthorne uses to describe different types of emotions in the text. Light and its more natural form in sunlight reflect the goodness in characters and the ability to be free from bondage with nothing holding you back, no pain of concealing sin. While one the other hand darkness and shadows allow the characters to reflect their emotions and reveal sin, but under darkness these emotions and secrets will not reach anyone else and will keep characters like Dimmesdale in bondage and pain. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. Print. How to cite Scarlet Letter Images, Essay examples

Commercial Law for Law Vision Pty Ltd-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommercial Law for Law Vision Pty Ltd. Answer: Facts There is a specific brand of chocolate bar to which Tamara is highly addicted and, which is sold by only one retailer, Aldi Supermarkets. She goes to the Aldi Supermarket every day to purchase her favorite chocolate bar but, it is time and again sold out. Due to this reason, she used to get very upset. On one wet Saturday morning in January, Tamara was as usual passed through her local Aldi Supermarket when she saw from far end of the lane that there was only one chocolate bar left for sale at the market. As she was addicted to that chocolate, she ran towards the shop to purchase that chocolate bar. However, there was one more purchaser of chocolate at the end of the lane seeing whom, Tamara ran even faster in order to purchase the chocolate bar towards the shop. As she was rushing towards the chocolate bar, she slid over a puddle of melted ice cream due to which, her back got harshly injured. She had to spend several months in hospital for the purpose of recovering her health and mo re than $700,000. Although, Aldi Supermarkets had the proof that a staff member inspects the passage area of the supermarket every 40 minutes for the cleaning purposes. Issue Tamara wishes to litigate Aldi Supermarkets in negligence for the losses she suffered. Relevant Law and Applicability In Australia, the tort of negligence is measured as a legal act that can be taken by an individual to whom a wrongful acts done by the offender owing a reasonable duty of care. Accountability of the offender rises when duty to take care is recognized and it has also been established that due to breach of due care, significant damage has been caused to the complainant. There must be the establishment of three essentials by the injured party or the complainant under the tort of negligence in order to be efficacious namely duty of care, breach, and damage (Witting, 2007). It is measured as the duty of the offender to take reasonable care which is anticipated from him/her during negligent act made by him/her to the complainant. It is also to be recognized that the offender failed to take due care as anticipated while doing negligent act. Furthermore, it is also required to be established by the complainant that due to negligent act of the offender, injury has been caused to the complaina nt (ALRC, 2017). In Tamaras case, she can litigate Aldi Supermarkets for the tort of negligence. It is undoubtedlyapparent that there was a duty of reasonable care which was anticipated from the Aldi Supermarkets in order to maintain cleanliness to prevent such accidents as happened with Tamara. While staff of the supermarket checks the supermarket aisles after every 40 minutes for the purpose of cleanliness, they cannot get away from their liability of due care towards customers. A breach of duty has been established by the supermarket because there was melted ice cream on the floor and staff failed to notice it and approved mandatory standard of care which was to be taken on that occasion. Due to this negligent act of the staff of Aldi Supermarkets, Tamara got seriously injured because of slipping over it. Therefore, the act done by the supermarket should be considered as negligent because of meeting the above mentioned three essentials (Doepel Downie, 2006). The acts and omissions which can reasonably be predicted should also be taken into consideration. As it shows the negligence of the staff of Aldi Supermarket, the harm that had been occurred to Tamara might have been avoided by the appropriate performance of their duties. It was the duty of the staff to avoid such an act which should have been reasonably predicted by the staff that any spillage on the floor could cause harm to the customers(University of Western Australia, 2017). In Donoghue vs. Stevenson, the intention of the manufacturer was established that the drink should reach up to the customer sealed without being examined but it should have been assured by the manufacturer that harmful things should not have went into the bottles (Law Vision, 2008). It was the duty of the manufacturer to reasonably forecast the injury that could have been happened to the complainant in a case such a harmful thing would be taken by them, thus, it was concluded by the court that the manufactur er owed a duty of care to Mrs. Donoghue (Rule of Law Institute of Australia, 2012). Aldi Supermarkets claimed that their staff examines the Supermarket lanes in every 40 minutes. According to Section 5B(2) of Civil Liability Act of 2002, in determination of whether suitable precautions would have been taken by the offender as a reasonable being against the risk of destruction or injury, it is required to be taken into consideration by the court that the likelihood of the happening of harm if care had not been taken, the possible significance of the damage had occurred, defenses taken to avoid the destruction and social utility of the actions that might cause risk of damage or injury(Lexisnexis, 2006). In Tamaras case, it is reasonably obvious that due to any spillage over the floor in the Supermarket aisles, customers or any other person could have slip over it and can get hurt. Furthermore, the severity of injury cannot be determined as it depends on person to person because severe wounds might also occur to some of the individuals. Thus, preventive measures are an ticipated to be taken in the best interests of the Supermarket to avoid such accidents which have been caused to Tamara. To determine breach of duty of care, the court contemplates few factors which include foreseeability of risk which means, higher the risk, the more the efforts which are required by the offender to evade it(The University of Queensland, 2017). The court decides the rationality of the actions conducted by the offender also which might comprise of various factors which include the cost and burden enforced by eradicating the risk accompanied by social and public utility of the conducts of the offender. In Tamaras case, foreseeability is anticipated from the Aldi supermarket since there are various products which are sold by the market if get fallen over the floor might cause severe injuries to the customers. They cannot escape with their accountabilities by appealing that their staff take due care of the cleanliness but, they are anticipated to take standard care during any spillage on the floor because customers can get hurt promptly. Therefore, Tamara can litigate the supermarket and would be compensated by the supermarket. References ALRC, 2017. Authorising what would otherwise be a Tort. Australian Law Reform Commission, pp. 107-111. Doepel, M. Downie, C., 2006. A Comprehensive Guide to Tort Law Reform throughout Australia, s.l.: Kennedys. Law Vision, 2008. The Law of Torts, s.l.: Law Vision Pty Ltd . Lexisnexis, 2006. Civil Liability Australia. [Online] Available at: https://www.lexisnexis.com.au/en-au/products/civil-liability-in-australia.page[Accessed 19 May 2017]. Rule of Law Institute of Australia, 2012. Torts: Legal Wrongs and the Rule of Law. [Online] Available at: https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Video-2-Worksheet-Snails-Mice-and-Tort-Law-Qld.pdf[Accessed 19 May 2017]. The University of Queensland, 2017. Law of Torts (LAWS7002). [Online] Available at: https://www.uq.edu.au/study/course.html?course_code=LAWS7002 [Accessed 19 May 2017]. University of Western Australia, 2017. Don't Be Negligent - Find Out About Torts. [Online] Available at: https://guides.library.uwa.edu.au/torts [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Witting, C., 2007. Tort Law, Policy and the High Court of Australia. Melbourne University Law Review, Volume 31, p. 569.

Planning History Utopian Planners

Introduction Urban planning has evolved into different forms throughout the history of cities and city planning. Urban planning aims at improving a city to cater for the future social and economic needs of its inhabitants. It seeks to link the existing knowledge with the appropriate forms of action (Sager 1992, P. 67). Planning, therefore, has to be visionary with an appropriate idea about the future design of a city and the implementation of that design.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning History: Utopian Planners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern urban planning entails two different approaches; visionary city planning that involves radical changes in the design of the city with substantial social and economic changes, and the institutionalized city planning, which proposes changes to the existing city structures and is affected by the prevailing economic and political forces within the city. Histori cally, urban city planning began in the nineteenth century with the sole purpose to regulate the new urban growth brought about by industrialization and improvement of transport and communication following the invention of the railway (Sitte 1965, P. 43). Military strategies to control territories and aesthetics of expression of cities significantly influenced visionary urban planning in the nineteenth century. Although visionary city planning made many achievements in city building, many of which are still monumental and beautiful today, it remained insensitive to the wider needs of the society and would have been disastrous if implemented on a large scale.  The poor living conditions of the urban poor, forced most middle class urban dwellers towards the end of the nineteenth century to begin agitating for reforms in city planning, which culminated into utopian planning (Cherry 1970, P. 87). Central to this movement was Ebenezer Howard, who conceptualized the ‘garden cityâ €™ to be the ideal alternative to the city planning of the nineteenth century. The garden city was an attempt to connect the vision for a new social order to the spatial expression of the city (Fisherman 1977, P. 23). Le Corbusier conceptualized the â€Å"Contemporary City for Three Million People† in 1922 and the â€Å"Radiant City† in 1935 both of which proposed a centralized city with high population and many facilities including skyscraper buildings and residential apartments (Cherry 1970, p. 89). Frank Lloyd Wright on the other hand, envisioned the Broadacre City plan in 1935, which was a decentralized city with low population and suburban residential homes (Mumford 1946, p. 42). Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City The garden city was a brilliant idea conceived by Ebenezer Howard in response to the environmental and social changes that were results of industrial revolution in Britain. Industrial revolution encouraged migration into urban areas and consequently led to poor and unhealthy living conditions in cities.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a bid to curb overpopulation in cities and the associated deterioration of social facilities, Howard envisioned an organized planned dispersal, whereby people could set up industries in towns to provide the services and various occupations to the people of a particular culture within the town (Gossel Leuthauser 1991, p.94). He also envisioned that the population size in the towns be reduced to about 30,000 inhabitants so that the inhabitants could live and work within walking distance. In this way, the garden cities could provide social facilities near the residential places and avoid overpopulation in cities. The garden cities also comprised of a spacious layout to for occupation by residential suburban houses, parking space for the residents and enough space for schools and other social amenities.  The garden city envisioned the larger urban system as a network of interlinked communities. It proposed a close link between the town and the countryside with a clear definition of the country, which the design would reserve for agriculture. It also provided for easy access by the urban residents to the countryside (Hall Ward 1998, p.71). It also envisioned the creation of common developmental and social facilities that would lead to neighborhoods and estates within cities. To control the city development, Howard envisioned a unified land ownership, whereby the trust ownership controlled the agricultural zone. He also envisioned a cooperative municipal enterprise, which would regulate trade and industry in the cities without affecting the individual freedom with regard to trade and industry. The main major purpose of the garden cities was to promote dispersal of the people from major cities using the three magnets concept. The garden city provided a channel for an or ganized relocation of the city dwellers to other towns to relieve the pressure on social facilities and the impacts of overpopulation in the major cities in the nineteenth century (Hall Ward 1998, p.81). However, dispersal could have happened in any case because of majority of the urban dwellers avoiding the problems of overpopulation could have sought a better environment either in the suburbs or in smaller towns away from the cities (Fishman1977, p.153). Still, the garden city was an ideal alternative to reducing congestion in the cities. The cities of the nineteenth century experienced traffic congestion and provided little room for expansion. In contrast, the planned new towns provided an opportunity to avoid problems of overpopulation by providing the right infrastructure to match the expanding population growth in the major cities.  Despite Howard’s garden city concept providing an opportunity to reduce urban congestion by promoting decentralization of industries and facilities, its implementation could have been disastrous.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning History: Utopian Planners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Howard, the social city concept entailed one garden city giving rise to another garden city after attaining a population threshold of 30,000 inhabitants (Howard 1902, p.14). However, this would have produced a cluster of interdependent towns that would be expensive to administer. Verma (1996) points out that despite the noble nature of the garden city concept, the many new regional centres would have been economically expensive to administer as opposed to a small number of large centres (p.43). Fundamental to the concept of the garden city was the neighbourhood idea, where the people would live within walking distance to their workplaces, shops, primary schools and public spaces. The idea behind this concept was the need to establish some kin d of balance between work and homes. However, Howard based this concept on the belief that the population growth would match industrial expansion to cut down the level of commuting back and forth the workplaces. The concept would not have worked; firstly, given that industrial growth leads to population increase due to attraction of immigrant workers into cities, establishment of smaller towns would not have encouraged outward labour mobility since many people worked in the industrialized cities (Cherry 1970, p.61). Secondly, the workers in the new towns would have been still dependent on the employers in the major cities and thus would continue working in the major cities. Under the garden city concept, people from all social classes were to move to the smaller towns including the employers. This would be possible through provision of various incentives to employers, thereby attracting them to invest in the small towns. Such incentives included already built factories on lease amon g others (Fishman 1977, p.154). However, given that, the cost of operating a new franchise is high few employers could have relocated their businesses to the smaller towns. In addition, relocation of large factories would have exerted unprecedented pressure on infrastructural facilities further affecting transport and communication. Howard envisioned that the establishment of the garden city would encourage people to move into the city and as a result, the population would steadily rise to maximum of 30,000 inhabitants, after which another city would arise (Fishman1977, p.321). In addition, Howard envisioned that the establishment of the garden city would result into a rise in land value, which would generate enough money to pay off the investors and finance schools, parks, museums and other public places. However, Howard failed to note that for the land value to rise, productivity in the garden city had also to be high (Sager 1992, p.73). Obviously, rise in land values alone would not achieve productivity of the garden city; it also required increase in productivity of the enterprises and factories established in the garden cities. In this regard, investors could only benefit if there was a rise in productivity of their enterprises rather than on rise in land value.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Surplus productivity in the garden city would encourage capital and labour flows into the garden city, which would create more congestion in the garden city than anywhere else would.  The physical realization of Howard’s garden city was in the construction of the city of Letchworth guided by architects, Raymond Urwin and Barry Parker. The design of the residential homes of this garden city was attractive but it took longer than Howard had anticipated for the city to attract people (Glasscock 1996, p.24). After 35 years of Letchworth’s establishment, it had only 15,000 inhabitants compared to the population of 30,000 anticipated. In addition, most workers could not afford houses in the garden city with some opting to commute from other towns while others opted for cheap informal settlements set up by speculators. The envisioned idea of the garden city did not match the Letchworth city in terms of architecture and social life. Frank Lloyd Wright’s and the Broada cre City Broadacre City was Frank Lloyd Wright’s concept for the ideal multi-cantered, low density, suburbs. The utopian planner introduced this scheme with an aim of decongesting cities in 1932 in his book, The Disappearing City. In terms of population density, Broadacre city, catered for a low population with a density of five people per acre. The scheme aimed at reducing congestion in cities to avoid development of informal settlement. In contrast to Ebenezer’s garden city, which involved turning the city into a suburban countryside, the Broadacre city converted the countryside into a city (Rybczynski 2005, p. 17). The spread of the Broadacre city would constitute an urban where each family had access to small farms and recreational sites with industrial and other urban facilities placed a few miles from the residential places. The Broadacre city plan embodied economic reforms based on Wright’s model of democracy, which he described as Usonia. The Usonia was against Marxist’s socialism ideology and Wright derived it from the ideas of the nineteenth century utopians like Edward Bellamy and Thorstein Veblen. The Wright’s plan allowed the families to own homes and relieved them from property owners. Wright assumed that the land use would be the responsibility of the owners (Rybczynski 2005, p.132). Under Wright’s plan, the land would be public and then redistributed to the private owners including families, who would use the land productively. Therefore, the Usonia concept opposed cooperation but encouraged individualism whereby it encouraged private ownership of land. The Broadacre city offered an opportunity to ordinary people to live in countryside lifestyle while enjoying the economic opportunities and recreations associated with urban centres.  Wright’s plan envisioned that the residential houses adopt any design the owners preferred with no two houses built the same so long as the structures, the constru ction method and the materials used in the construction were integral and natural. A central civil authority would have the responsibility of determining what is natural and integral to the place. The plan envisioned an â€Å"a sprawling, open, individualistic structure† where families would live in suburbs surrounding urban centres (Duany, Zyberk, Speck 1992, p. 54). Wright realized that in his plan physically separate the communities. The plan brought communities of interest together through communication and transportation and the process would replace the physical communities of a place. However, Mumford criticised the plan’s suggestion of establishing an individualistic structure by referring to it as being antisocial that would affect the decongestion of the cities. It is evident that Wright’s plan would have turned out to be disastrous if implemented. The suburbia would not match Broadacre City’s low densities, which Wright envisioned would become suburbs. Under the Broadacre plan, the buildings were concentrated in the city centre, where offices and industries were located. This would have contributed to congestion within the city, as more activities were concentrated there (Duany, Zyberk, Speck 1992, p.231). Wright’s Broadacre city intended to reduce congestion from the city centre; however, concentration and dispersal are a common occurrence in cities. In addition, Wright assumed that the rise in land value would promote economic development and improvement in the standards of living. However, land alone cannot contribute to economic prosperity particularly in cities (Rybczynski 2005, p. 42). Economic prosperity in cities allows more people to own land and homes hence his assumption that increase in land value would lead to dispersal could have turned out to be incorrect as more people could afford land leading to concentration. Wright never envisioned the suburban homes to be sites of wealth production in the fut ure. Nowadays, suburban homesteads can be used to generate income through crop farming and livestock rearing, which can support families living within city suburbs.  Broadacre plan was not fully implemented as Wright had envisioned. Nowadays, the city suburbs do not match what Wright had envisioned in his Broadacre city plan (Hall, Ward 1998, p. 75). This indicates an appropriate judgment considering that the rationale behind Broadacre City was Wright’s program of social reform. In essence, the substance of Broadacre City was aesthetic and to curb the problems occasioned by overpopulation (Ritzdorf 1996, p. 212). Wright envisioned a system of governance in Broadacre city that promoted architecture and aesthetics with regard to particular culture rather than on physical city construction laws. Wright did not seek to protect nature but rather he proposed the establishment of homes in the countryside (Muschamp 2001, p. 67). This would have affected nature and wildlife. Wright defended his plan by suggesting that establishment of the city within the country side would not affect nature but would contribute to improved quality of the building and the city. However, establishment of human settlements in countryside forests would have adversely affected the wildlife. In addition, the Broadacre city plan cannot be a conventional architectural design for all cities because of its emphasis on aesthetics but rather a plan designed to redeem a particular city from the challenges of high population by promoting dispersal. Nevertheless, Wright’s plan would have found a role in the modern urban planning, which increased demand for aesthetics as its central aspect characterizes (Duany, Zyberk, Speck 1992, p. 27). Most people demand public action to prevent acquisition of public places as part of aesthetics. In this regard, people feel that aesthetics, as enshrined in Wright’s plan, are both a public and private affair and building homes away from the city center is a common phenomenon nowadays. LeCorbusier and the Radiant city LeCorbusier’s Radiant city concept arose out of a new concept of expanding the individual freedoms and establishing a capitalist economy. The plan involved clearance of the existing prehistoric cities followed by the rebuilding of a modern city using modern architectural designs (Le Corbusier 1967, p. 41). Under this plan, quality housing, les unites, would be available to everyone based on the size of each family. He envisioned a city with buildings five meters above the ground and therefore ensuring allocation of more land to nature. Within the les unites, would be pedestrian streets linking buildings together (Richards 2003, p.114). Le Corbusier suggests that the center of the radiant city would mainly composed of commercial buildings mainly skyscrapers (about 5%) while the surrounding area (95%) would be occupied by trees and parks. Residential buildings taking a zigzag shape would surround the city center. The residential buildings would house catering and accommodation services. In essence, Le Corbusier based his plan on the belief that modern age architecture should be suitable and expressive of modernism. In the Radiant city design, he employed architectural skills and picture designs to develop his idea of the city as opposed to a rational basis (Etlin 1994, p. 72). Le Corbusier, unlike Howard, did not belief in the natural economic order but believed that leadership within the society was important (Serenyi 1975, 82). In his plan of the radiant city, Le Corbusier envisioned a pyramid of hierarchies with the workers occupying the bottom position so that the order would prevail in the society (Fisherman 1977, p. 211). The leadership would occupy the top position in his plan of the radiant city for easy administrative control of the workers. Le Corbusier envisioned social lifestyle of the citizens of the radiant city. He saw that division of labor within the society wou ld promote unity and cooperation, which is necessary to promote economic growth (Fisherman 1977, p. 65). Unlike his first design of the Contemporary city of three million people, where he designed the residential buildings according to economic classes arranged around the business center of the city, he designed the Radiant city for all people with less regard to the economic classes (Le Corbusier1967, p. 87). The les unites accommodated every member of the society regardless of his/her economic status and promoted cooperation and equality (Fisherman1977, p. 41). Additionally, Le Corbusier integrated nature into the residential areas by allocating less land to residential housing and the rest to nature.  Despite Le Corbusier design of the Radiant city providing a way of promoting equality and individual freedoms, the plan raised many concerns. Kennedy (1998, p. 53) believed that Le Corbusier individual freedom that were promoted by the Radiant city design were not personal liberti es since Le Corbusier did not consult the citizens for whom he was planning for (Curtis1986, p. 112). His design of the facilities, services, and rules were more favorable to him rather than to the other citizens reducing the citizens into mere performers with no say in issues affecting their social life (Verma 1996, p. 72). Moreover, under the Radiant city plan, individuals had no say in the administration or governance issues affecting their lives and the plan expected them to act rationally all the time with antisocial behavior not conceived in his plan (Kennedy 1998, p.54). In this respect, the plan did not cater for social problems such as crime in the society. In addition, the plan did not address the needs of minority members of the society but rather considered that all citizens were equal. However, it was highly unlikely that all the people would behave rationally with no criminal or social problems taking place within the radiant city. In this regard, Le Corbusier assumpti on that humans would behave rationally with no crime or any social problems occurring was rather naà ¯ve than real (Kennedy 1998, p. 63). In the radiant city, Le Corbusier notion of authority was rather bureaucratic and patriarchal than administrative (Sennett 1980, p. 74). The plan, less grand unities, reserved for the administration the top part of the residential houses consisting of multi-storey buildings and skyscrapers, which represented a paternalistic authority (Kennedy, 1998). In addition, Hawkins (1997) while supporting the radiant city design concept as a way of providing housing for the masses in the wake of unprecedented population growth occasioned by industrial revolution argues that the design would have ultimately led to congestion in future (, p. 82). Conclusion The theories of Howard, Wright, and Le Corbusier were remarkable providing an alternative to the architectural designs of the nineteenth century urban planning. In addition, they offered solutions to the s ocial problems experienced in the nineteenth century cities and promoted quality of living for the citizens. However, the plans failed to address all the social aspects affecting the nineteenth century cities and consequently their implementation would have produced disastrous results. Despite the plans having a visionary view of connecting humans with nature, they failed to address issues related to human history and the future population growth needs. Reference List Cherry, G., 1970. Town Planning in the Social Context. London: Leonard Hill Curtis, W., 1986. Le Corbusier: Ideas and Forms. New York: Rizzoli International  Publications. Duany, A., Zyberk, E., Speck, J., 1992. Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the  Decline of the American Dream. New York: Routledge Etlin, R., 1994. Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier: The Romantic Legacy.  New York: Manchester University Press Fishman, R., 1977. Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT  Press.  Glasscock, R., 1996. Ebenezer Howard: 1850-1928 and the Garden  City. Advanced journal in Policy Studies: Sustainable Urban Design, 15(7). pp. 126-142. Gossel, P., Leuthauser, G., 1991. Architecture in the Twentieth Century,  Berlin: Benedikt Taschen Hall, P., Ward, C., 1998. Sociable Cities: The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard John. New  York: Wiley Sons. Howard, E., 1902. Garden Cities of To-morrow. London: Routledge. Kennedy, R., 1998. Le Corbusier and the Radiant City Contra: True Urbanity  and the Earth. Advanced journal in Policy Studies: Sustainable Urban Design, 15(7), pp. 221-223 Le Corbusier., 1967. The Radiant City. New York: The Orion Press  Mumford, L., 1946. Green-Belt Cities: The British Contribution. London: Faber and  Faber Muschamp, H., 2001. File Under Architecture. New York: MIT Press Richards, S., 2003. Le Corbusier and the Concept of Self New Haven  London: Yale University Press. Ritzdorf, M., 1996. Feminist Thoughts on the Theory and Practice of P lanning.  Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Rybczynski, W., 2005. City Life. New York. Blackwell publishers Sager, T., 1992. Why Plan? A Multi-Rationality Foundation for Planning. Scandinavian  Housing Planning Research, 9, pp. 129-147 Sennett, R., 1980. Authority. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.  Hall Publishers. Serenyi, P., 1975. Le Corbusier in Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall  Publishers. Sitte, C., 1965. City Planning According to its Artistic Principles. New York: Random  House Verma, N., 1996. Pragmatic Rationality and Planning Theory. Journal of Planning  Education and Research, 16 (1), pp. 5-14 This essay on Planning History: Utopian Planners was written and submitted by user Coen Sweet to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Audit Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Audit Report - Essay Example It therefore means all sectors as well as households have to play a role in order to achieve that goal. This environmental audit report is based on an environmental review of my household which is a flat. The review took place between the periods July 4 and July 17, 2011. Everything that is done in the household has an impact on the environment. Electricity is used for energy in the household. It provides lighting and heating and provides energy to operate appliances. Electricity contributes to the emission of greenhouse gas which has a negative impact on the environment. Waste from household activities also contributes to the emission of greenhouse gas in the environment. All of these activities result in climate change which affects all of us. Water is a scare resource and the way it is used in households has an impact on environmental pollution which is just one of the consequences of climate change which is due also to the irresponsible consumption of water (Household Water Audit ). Overview of household activities My household consists of three (3) persons, two of whom go out to work from Monday and Friday. I attend university and so I am hardly at home during the days. We are scarcely at home for a full day on Saturdays. However, we spend some time cleaning and washing before leaving home for various activities including shopping and entertainment. Saturdays and Sundays are the only days we prepare breakfast and dinner. The microwave is used to prepare meals each morning and each evening for a approximate 20 minutes each day from Monday to Friday. Our waste from Monday to Friday each week is very light since we are away from home for the better part of those days. However, on Saturdays and Sundays it is a bit heavier, especially on Sunday when we prepare for the rest of the week. Environmental impact of electricity use During any week we operate a number of appliances. They number approximately ten (10) and are used at least once per week. The table below shows the appliances in use, kilowatt hour (KWh) used along with the number of hours in used for each day during the period July 4 to July 17, 2011. Table 1 - Electricity used during the period July 4 to July 17, 2011 Electricity Usage Day Air Cond (KWh) Time (hr) Stove (KWh) Time (hr) M/Wave (KWh) Time (hr) Washing machine (KWh) Time (hr) Fridge Time (hr) TV (KWh) Time (hr) Laptop (KWh) Time (hr) Lights (KWh) Time (hr) Hair dryer (KWh) Time (hr) Iron (KWh) Time (hr) Total KWh Wattage 400 Â   800 Â   1400 Â   400 Â   725 8 120 Â   50 Â   18 Â   1500 Â   1500 Â   Â   Mon 2 5 0.4 0.5 0.462 0.33 0 Â   5.8 8 0.24 2 0.1 2 0.09 5 0 Â   0 Â   Â   Tues 2 5 0.8 1 0.462 0.33 0 Â   5.8 8 0.24 2 0.05 1 0.108 6 0 Â   0 Â   Â   Wed 1.6 4 0.8 1 0.462 0.33 0 Â   5.8 8 0.24 2 0.05 1 0.108 6 0.25 Â   0 Â   Â   Thur 2 5 0.8 1 0.462 0.33 0 Â   5.8 8 0.24 2 0.075 1.5 0.108 6 0 Â   0 Â   Â   Fri 2 5 0.8 1 0.462 0.33 0 Â   5.8 8 0.24 2 0.05 1 0.108 6 0 Â   0 Â   Â   Sat 2.8 7 1.2 1.5 0 Â   0.8 2 5.8 8 0.48 4 0.1 2 0.126 7 0 Â   2.25 1.5 Â   Sun 2.8 7 2.4 3 0 Â   0 Â   5.8 8 0.84 7 0.15 3 0.144 8 0.75 0.5 0 Â   Â   Mon 1.6 4 0.4 0.5 0.462 0.33 0 Â   5.8 8 0.24 2 0.05 1 0.09 5 0 Â   0 Â   Â   Tues 1.6 4 0.8 1 0.462