Chapter 6 Duval l& Hays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 6 Duval l& Hays - Essay Example One cannot simply use the literary context of reading the ingredients written on a tuna-can and apply it to understanding Bible. The game of genre determines the meaning. There are many passages and verses that are frequently misinterpreted by ignoring the immediate context. For instance, Jesus has said in the Bible that he is vine (John 15:5). This is probably the prime example of what conferring to immediate context means. If this statement is considered without immediate context it can be misinterpreted that probably Jesus was calling himself a plant, which is not the case. Topical preaching is valid when the passage is not misunderstood regarding the context or when the passage is coherent with the context (Duvall & Hays, 2009). Usually what happens is topical preaching disregards the literary context and that gives the chance to the listener or the reader to misinterpret the message. For this reason the expository preaching is considered a better alternative to topical preaching (Duvall & Hays, 2009). It topical preacher has more chances of getting it wrong by misinterpreting when the correct when they connect their first thought stemming from Johns preaching with some random fourth thought relevant to

Stereotype and Prejudice Marjorie Essay Example for Free

Stereotype and Prejudice Marjorie Essay Abstract Our discussion is about how does society confirm prejudicial attitudes? How does ones social identity contribute to prejudice? How do emotions encourage prejudicial attitudes? What cognitive processes influence prejudice? Our text has explained competition; competition is an important source of frustration that can fuel prejudice. When two groups compete for jobs, housing, or social prestige, one group’s goal fulfillment can become the other group’s frustration. Prejudice Society confirms prejudice by what you possess and how much money you have. If you are not in a certain bracket such as (high class or middle class), you are considered poor. Prejudice helps justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power. Of course they will not give a chance at credit to buy a house, car, or start a business. Society, also confirm prejudice by the way you dress or the car you drive. Society confirms prejudicial attitude by focusing on personal individuality and Independence, as opposed to becoming a team with neighbors and friends. I am so glad that God looks at the heart and man looks at the outer appearance. Ones social identity contributes base on a realization of limited environmental control. The more you believe that you can impact your environment or social status, the less roll social identity plays Emotions really affect prejudicial attitudes because most of the time people make decisions based on their emotions. Emotions of fear and sadness or joy and gladness, which can cause you to project feelings in a hurtful way, rather than in a helpful manner Cognitive process influence prejudice through stereotyping, which cause prejudice. This can be a result of the normal ways in which we simplify and organize the world. Stereotypes are the social scripts we have in our heads about others and the roles we believe they should play in our socially constructed world. It is important to have the understanding of the basic concepts of prejudice and racism, and how to lessen their destructive effect (Rosado, 1995-2012). Reference Rosado, C. (1995-2012). Critical Multicultral Pavilion Research Room. Retrieved from http://www. edchange,org/multicultral/papers/caleb/racism. html.

Relationship Between Personality, Intelligence and Academia

Relationship Between Personality, Intelligence and Academia Alexandra Lamb The Relationship between Conscientiousness, Intellectual Ability, and Academic Performance in an Undergraduate Psychology Cohort Abstract This report examines the relationship between intellectual ability, conscientiousness and academic achievement. Psychology Students studying at the University of Adelaide (N=50) completed online versions of the OCEANIC (Schulze Roberts, 2006) and Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM; Bors Stokes, 1998). Results showed that there was a slight positive association between intellectual ability and academic performance, a slight positive association between conscientiousness and academic achievement and effectively no relationship between conscientiousness and intellectual ability. The study shows that personality traits can be promising predictors of academic achievement and thus may be useful in student development and admission systems. Introduction The relationships between personality traits, intellectual ability and academic performance have long been explored. These relationships were first used, in ancient times, for selecting civil servants in the Middle East, India and China to its current role as the driver of advanced economics (Poropat, 2011). Much of the research done in the past has been linked to theoretical and statistical reviews of the role of personality. One of the earliest applications of personality trait assessment was the prediction of academic performance (Poropat, 2009). This report attempts to further examine the relationship between personality traits, intellectual ability and academic performance in particular, conscientiousness and intellectual ability and their relationship with academic performance. Intelligence is one of the most effective empirical predictors of academic performance (Poropat, 2009). Nothing has changed since the thirties when it was suggested that one of the most important factors in academic achievement is intelligence. Intelligence is the most documented variable as a predictor of cognitive performance and in past research has shown a positive association with academic success (Busato Prins Elshout, Hamaker, 2000). In 2000 Busato conducted a study in which intellectual ability was compared to academic performance over three years. Intellectual ability was positively associated with academic achievement after one year and after three year, which is consistent with earlier studies. However, intelligence is not the only predictor of academic performance. In later research, Kappe and Flier (2012) suggested that conscientiousness, a personality trait that describes impulse control and self-regulation of behaviour (Ivcevic Brackett, 2014), is the best predicto r of academic achievement explaining five times as much variance in GPA (used to measure academic performance) as does intelligence. Earlier studies by Conard (2006) also showed positive bivariate correlations between conscientiousness and academic achievement. Whilst both intellectual ability and consciousness can predict academic performance, Poropat (2009) suggested that conscientiousness is largely independent of general intelligence. Chamorro-Remuzic, Furnham and Moutafi conducted a study in 2004 as a precursor to Poropat’s research in which they found a significant negative association between conscientiousness and two intelligence tests. They suggested that this was consistent with the idea that conscientiousness might partly develop as a compensation for low intellectual level and that high intelligent individuals may not need to engage in systematic, organised and dutiful study or work habits (Chamorro-Remuzic, Furnham, Moutafi, 2004). The goals presented above guided this study, thus this report will further examine the relationships between intellectual ability, personality traits and academic achievement as explored above, focussing on three hypotheses: Hypothesis 1, there will be a significant positive relationship between intellectual ability and academic performance; Hypothesis 2, there will be a significant positive relationship between the personality trait conscientiousness and academic performance and; Hypothesis 3, there will be a significant negative relationship between conscientiousness and intellectual ability. Method Participants The participants were 50 first-year Psychology students studying at the University of Adelaide. The participants took part in the study as part of an assessment task. Materials The OCEANIC (Schulze Roberts, 2006) was employed to measure the Big Five personality traits. Intellectual ability was measured as performance on the short form of the Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM; Bors Stokes, 1998). Academic performance was operationalized as the participants’ final grade for the previous semester’s Psychology course. Procedure The participants were instructed to complete online versions of the OCEANIC and Advanced Progressive Matrices. They were free to perform the tasks wherever they chose, but were advised to try to complete the tasks in a quiet, distraction-free environment. The participants were instructed not to collaborate with anyone else on the tasks. There was no time limit placed upon the tasks, but it was stipulated that they had to be completed within a single test session. Results In Table 1, the means and standard deviations for the Big Five Personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness. Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism), Intellectual ability (Raven’s APM), and Academic Performance are displayed. In Table 2, the Correlation Coefficients for the variables associated with the three hypotheses are shown (Raven’s APM and Final Grade, Conscientiousness and Final Grade, Conscientiousness and Raven’s APM). In Table 3, the r2-values for the variables associated with the three hypotheses are shown (Raven’s APM and Final Grade, Conscientiousness and Final Grade, Conscientiousness and Raven’s APM). Table 1. Means and standard deviations for the Big Five personality traits, Intellectual Ability (Raven’s APM), and Academic Performance Table 2. Correlation Coefficients for Raven’s APM, Conscientiousness and Final Grade. Table 3. r2 values for Raven’s APM, Conscientiousness and Final Grade. Hypothesis 1: There will be a significant positive relationship between intellectual ability and academic performance. Figure 1. The relationship between Raven’s APM and Final grade. According to Hypothesis 1, a significant positive relationship was expected between intellectual ability and academic performance. As shown in Figure 1, a quantitative analysis (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) indicated that there was a weak-moderate, positive relationship between Raven’s APM and final grade (r = 0.32), and that this relationship was statistically significant (p=0.02). Those who scored high in the Raven’s APM (M=7.8, SD=2.96), which operationalised intellectual ability, tended to score high in their final grade (M=69.66, SD=14.05), which operationalised academic performance. This provided qualitative support for the hypothesis. Hypothesis 2: there will be a significant positive relationship between the personality trait conscientiousness and academic performance. Figure 2. The relationship between conscientiousness and final grade. According to Hypothesis 2, a significant positive relationship was expected between the personality trait conscientiousness (M=36.58, SD=6.98) and academic performance (M=69.66, SD=14.05). As shown in Figure 2, a quantitative analysis (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) there was a weak-moderate, positive relationship between conscientiousness and final grade (r=0.39), and that this relationship was statistically significant (p=0.01). Those with high conscientiousness (M=36.58, SD=6.98) tended to score high in their final grade (M=69.66, SD=14.05), which operationalised academic performance. This provided qualitative support for the hypothesis. Hypothesis 3: there will be a significant negative relationship between conscientiousness and intellectual ability. Figure 3. The relationship between conscientiousness and Raven’s APM. According to Hypothesis 3, a significant negative relationship was expected between conscientiousness and intellectual ability. As shown in Figure 3, a quantitative analysis (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) indicated that there was an extremely weak, but effectively no negative relationship between conscientiousness and Raven’s RPM (r=-0.02), and that this relationship was not statistically significant (p>0.89). Those with high conscientiousness (M=36.58, SD= 6.98) did not consistently score high or low in Raven’s APM (M=7.8, SD=2.96), which operationalised intellectual ability. This did not provide support for the hypothesis. Discussion The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between personality traits, intellectual ability and academic performance. Adding information, specifically relating to the relationships between intellectual ability and academic performance; Conscientiousness and academic achievement and; Conscientiousness and intellectual ability. According to the correlational analysis, intellectual ability was positively associated with academic performance. This is in accordance with the literature cited in the introduction (Poropat 2009, Busato et al. 2000). However this correlation was smaller than the correlation between personality trait conscientiousness and academic ability, reiterating research by Conard (2006) in the introduction. The r2 values for both these relationships, academic achievement and intellectual ability (r2 =0.10) and conscientiousness and academic ability (r2 =0.15), suggest that only 1% of the variability in academic achievement can be explained by intellectual ability and only 1.5% of the variation in academic achievement can be explained by conscientiousness. This suggests that there are other factors that play an important role in the variation of academic achievement. The association between conscientiousness and academic performance was also positive, suggesting that conscientiousness might have a bigger impact on academic performance than intellectual ability, which is consistent with the cited researchers Kappe and Flier (2012). The correlational research presented a very slightly negative, but effectively no association between conscientiousness and intellectual ability this does not support the relationship suggested by Chamorro-Remuzic, Furnham and Moutafi (2004) whose research highlighted a significant negative relationship between conscientiousness and intellectual ability. The r2 value for this relationship (r2 =0) suggests that 0% of the variance in intellectual ability can be explained by conscientiousness. A lesson that may be taken from this study is that whilst intellectual ability is a positive predictor of academic performance, students are also able to perform well academically if they are willing to work hard and conscientiously. Another practical perspective of the research is that intelligence is probably the most used selection criteria for entrance to tertiary education. However the findings within this study suggesting that Conscientiousness is just as good or potentially a better predictor of academic performance suggests another practical selection tool, provided it can be accurately and validly assessed. (Poropat, 2009) However, conscientiousness creates a greater chance of faking over an intelligence test. There are a number of limitations to this study. Firstly, there is a restriction of range, given it was only first year psychology students surveyed. A bivariate normal relationship may exist for the entire population whereas this relationship may not be evident for all sub-populations (i.e. Psychology students). Or otherwise, what appears to be a linear relationship for a sub-population could actually be a curvilinear relationship for the entire population (Haslam McGarty, 2014). This means the relationships found by doing the quantitative analysis may not be a representation of the wider population. It would be beneficial to conduct a meta-analysis on students of different disciplines and potentially international students to find out how generalisable the results are. The sample size of 50 participants is also small. It is unlikely to reflect the population adequately. Whilst surveys are easy to develop, cost-effective and relatively easy to administer, there are a number of limi tations associated with survey-based research. Researcher’s personal bias and idiosyncrasies are more influential in qualitative research; the knowledge of the study might also influence the participants’ responses. That is, respondents may feel encouraged to provide inaccurate and dishonest answers. Participants may interpret the survey questions and answer options differently and data errors caused by non-responses (i.e the number of participants who chose to respond to the survey as opposed to those that chose not to) may also affect the results. References Bors, D. A. Stokes, T. L. (1998). Raven’s advanced progressive matrices: Norms for first-year university students and the development of a short form. Education and Psychological Measurement, 58, 382-398 Schulze, R. Roberts, R. D. (2006). Assessing the Big Five: Development and validation of the Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Index Condensed (OCEANIC). Zeitschrift fur Psychologie, 214, 133-14 Chamorro-Remuzic, T. Furnham, A. Moutafi, J. (2004). The relationship between estimated and psychometric personality and intelligence scores. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 505-513. Conard, M. A. (2006). Aptitude is not enough: How personality and behaviour predict academic performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 339-346. Ivcevic, Z. Brackett, M. (2014). Predicting school success: Comparing Conscientiousness, Grit, and Emotion Regulation Ability. Journal of Research in Personality, 52, 29-36. Kappe, R. Flier, H. (2012). Predicting academic success in higher education: what’s more important than being smart? European Journal of Psychology of Education, 27, 605-619. Busato, V. V. Prins, F. J. Elshout, J. J. Hamaker, C. (2000). Intellectual ability, learning style, personality, achievement motivation and academic success of psychology students in higher education. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 1057-1068. Poropat, A. E. (2009). A Meta-Analysis of the Five-Factor Model of Personality and Academic Performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 322-338. Poropat, A. E. (2011). The Eysenckian personality factors and their correlations with academic performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 41-58. Haslam, S. A. McGarty, C. (2014). Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. Great Britain: SAGE Productions Inc.

The Influence of The History of Rasselas on A Vindication of the Rights

The Influence of The History of Rasselas on A Vindication of the Rights of Woman  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   A surprising commonality found between Johnson's The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia and Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is their shared views on women's issues. This commonality is surprising since the two authors had different political viewpoints. While Johnson was a conservative Tory, Wollstonecraft was a social nonconformist and feminist. Although Wollstonecraft and Johnson adhered to different political agendas, Wollstonecraft revered many of Johnson's literary works. One example of Wollstonecraft's admiration of Johnson is found in her uncompleted short story "Cave of Fancy". Wollstonecraft began writing "Cave of Fancy" in 1786 and based it on Johnson's Rasselas. Like Rasselas, the setting of "Cave of Fancy" is "an unnamed fairy-tale realm where characters remain untouched by everyday concerns" (Conger 61). The similarities between the two works are apparent in their opening lines. Johnson addresses the reader of Rasselas with the following statement: Ye who listen with credulity to the whispers of fancy, and persue with eagerness the phantoms of hope; who expect that age will perform the promises of youth, and that the deficiencies of the present day will be supplied by the morrow; attend to the history of Rasselas prince of Abissinia. (1) The influence of Johnson is apparent in Wollstonecraft's opening lines: Ye who expect constancy where every thing is changing, and peace in the midst of tumult, attend to the voice of experience, and mark in time the footsteps of disappointment; or life will be lost in desultory wishes, and death arrive before the dawn of wisdom. (Basker 43) ... .... Although Johnson and Wollstonecraft focus on women's issues for different reasons in Rasselas and Vindication, the necessity for an increase in women's education in the 18th century is apparent in both works. Both authors agree that a woman needs to be educated in order for society to progress. For Wollstonecraft, women's education is needed for the success of the family. For Johnson, women's education is needed for society's progress as a whole.    Works Cited Basker, James. Women Writers, Marginal Texts, and the Eighteenth-Century Canon. New York: Clarendon, 1996. Conger, Syndy. Mary Wollstonecraft and the Language of Sensibility. New York: Associated UP, 1994. Johnson, Samuel. The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia. New York: Oxford UP, 1998. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. New York: Norton, 1988.   

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln was considered by many historians as the Greatest American President. He was the sixteenth United States president, guided his country to the most devastating experience in its national history-the Civil War. Still, it can be said that President Lincoln went through several challenges even from his early age. Truly, we can learn many things from his life’s experiences and especially in his ideology, things that made him really worthy of being called the â€Å"Greatest American President†.In order to appreciate and really learn from the life of Abraham Lincoln, let us look closely to the life of Abraham Lincoln, his difficulties and struggles and especially his achievements. February 12, 1809 on a Sunday morning, Nancy Lincoln, Thomas Lincoln’s wife had given birth to a baby boy named after his grandfather Abraham in a log cabin Hardin bed of poles on the farm of Nolin Creek near Hodgenville, Kentucky. This area is now part of Larue country, the ar ea in which now is being considered the frontier. Bought of his parents are never had an education. His father Thomas worked as a farmer and a carpenter.Nancy Lincoln, his mother could not even write. Definitely, Abraham grew up literally without having or experiencing a formal education until his early age. Amazingly, during the year 1815, Abraham Lincoln at a very young age had already learned his ABC’s through his effort and trough the help of his teacher named Zachariah Riney. He has spent his spare time on a log school house. He attended classes with Sarah his sisters two years older than him. They sometimes attended school taught by their neighbor Caleb Hasel. At the age of seven their family moved to southern Indiana where he continues school after their migration to Kentucky.Abraham attends his school punctually, he always wears with him his raccoon cap, he only had his buckskin clothes and his pant that was wrecked as a marked of its age that by the time became too s hort for him that his calves were already exposed. At home Abraham heard verses and scriptures read from the family bible. The family of Abraham was all members of Baptist congregation and worshippers but due to the opposition to the slavery they had become separated in the congregation to another church. He was once saved from being drowned by his friend and Austin Gollaher.His family decided to stay near Gentryville in the Southern Indiana late in the year 1816. Nancy, his mother had died on the 5th day of October due to a disease contracted by drinking poisonous milk from cows known as milk sicknesses. And because of poverty Abraham may recall by then carving pegs to be able to provide his mother a coffin. He drags the coffin which was made by a green pine. They buried her without having a formal funeral service. At later year his father married a widow Sarah Bush Johston, she stand as a good mother to them and Abraham loves her as his real mother.She also encourages Abraham to e ducation. On the following year-1821, Abraham because of his eagerness to gain knowledge, learn and be thought with by man things began to borrow books from their fellow citizen. With all of those available books he begins reading it all keenly. He read books such as Arabian Nights, Robinson Crusoe as well as books of fables or the Aesop’s Fables. It was 1882 when he first attended James Swaney’s classes and this last about four months. Although his school attended taught by Azel Dorsey ended quickly, he never stops learning and learning, he made his self-education rewardingly.He read everything he could; he never stops reading and learning variety of subjects including mathematics, literature and law. Additionally, during his spare time he studied Law and become a successful Lawyer in the year 1836. On 1825 Abraham has been able to owned his personal book written by Parson Mason Weems â€Å"Life of Washington† which he worked and paid for the worth from Josiah Crawford, his neighbor when the book become soaked with rain. Abraham’s wife Mary Ann Todd was born on December 13, 1818. Abraham on 1831 decided to depart with his family and leave by his own.He began to formulate his own opinions as he saw some abuse happening during his second time around flatboat trip to New Orleans. He then moved to Illinois and start on getting closer with Ann the daughter of the house he boarded. Aside from operating a store he also works into several jobs such as surveying and serving as a post master while staying at Illinois. The people were all get impressed by his good character she actually gained the nick name â€Å"Honest Abe†. Mary Ann and Abraham had four sons but Robert Lincoln was the only one who survived into adulthood.Abraham believes that the government should be a force of good deeds and positive purpose whose desires are to serve the people. That is why he believes that he must have a high position to the government in order fo r him to be a more influential leader so that he can able to achieve his goal. And because of the eagerness he has in his heart his strong aspiration makes him entered politics. And to become the president of the United States becomes his burning desire. It was August 1, year 1831 when Abraham cast his first ballot. In 1832, at the age of 23 he unsuccessfully ran for Illinois Legislature.After two years he became elected for the lower house 1834, 1836, 1838 until 1841 and won all 4 times for the first of four consecutive terms. He ran eight in the field of 13 candidates for the position. Lincoln being the member of a Whig party had become able to give his support to the Illinois State Bank, the second bank of the United States. It was 1856 when he was still a Whig member and soon became a republican. The government has sponsored internal improvements such as roads, canals, railroads, harbors, protective tariffs and other navigational improvements.His first flat forms announced that, time and experience verified that the poorest and the most thinly populated countries would be greatly benefited by supporting this improvement on the Sangamon River because he believed that it will allow those poor areas near the river to flourish by attracting steamboat traffic. Lincoln is not like most politicians in his time, he considered everyone to be equal. He recognized the presence of everyone in the community, he even considered farmers as no more or less than anyone else. He had sympathy to labor; evidence that he did not forget his past and that humility is still in his personality.As early as 1837, Lincoln stated his opposition to slavery stating that it was the opposite of opportunity and as well as mobility. Lincoln ran and the United States House of Representative and has won it in 1846. He became popular for opposing slavery and Washington’s Mexican War. He returned home and practiced hi Law and tried to have more focused on it more than before. Unfortunate ly, the next following years for him were the year of struggles. But because of his determination and eagerness to pursue things he begin he never let all of this down failed and discouraged him in reaching his dreams.Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 renewed his interest in politics. Though he became unsuccessful in his ran for the bid for the U. S. Senate in 1855, in the year 1856 nomination for the Republican vice-president he by then received some support. In the same year he also have his speech of opposing the Dred Scott decision in the year 1857 known as the â€Å"Lost Speech†. He had also given his legendary speech, the â€Å"House Divided† June 16, 1858. Furthermore, Lincoln had also engaged in series of debates also on the year 1858 with Stephen A. Douglas who won the Senatorial race.He was definitely not an abolitionist but just in opposition to the increase of slavery into the country. In 1860, he has received national recognition and promotes his national reputa tion in New York at the Cooper with a successful speech. His perseverance and hard work paid of when he finally became the sixteenth president of the United States. However, during this time the due to the south is dependent on slavery in order to prosper and because of this conflicts arise between the north and south and the south decided to form their own union.Being the newly elected president of a United States, Abraham Lincoln prioritized saving the original union even if this means the start of the civil war. The civil war arises in 1861 and on the 19th of November 1863, Lincoln delivered a speech on a battle field that is near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The said speech is said to have shaped the United States’ destiny and is known as the â€Å"Gettysburg Address†. The speech contains Lincoln’s vision of a nation that is conceived by liberty and equality among its citizens.In his Inaugural Address, he warned the South saying, â€Å"In your hands, my dissat isfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war, the government will not assail you. † (Bush, 2007). Lincoln added, â€Å"You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and depend it† (Bush, 2007). Even without that much experience, the succeeding years of civil war had proved that Lincoln is one the most extraordinary leaders that the United States had ever seen.Lincoln had shown good leadership ability, morally and also politically. He saw that the war is a fight against secession and not against slavery and on September 1862, he announced the Emancipation Proclamation that interprets the war as a form of crusade against slavery. In 1865, slavery was legally ended through the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. It is also in the Gettysburg Address that the famous idea of Lincoln of â€Å"government of the people. by the people, for the people† had been made known and he define the civil war as a struggle against such idea of the government.Civil War were lasted for about four long years and this years of struggles were ended in 1865 and cause the death of American people of more than half a million lives. Still, the president’s view and dream of a nation was realized, a nation that is united where people are free from slavery. President Lincoln, together with his wife went to Washington, DC in the Ford Theater to celebrate the end of the civil war. However, the victory of the president in uniting the nation does not pleased everyone and one of them is John Wilkes Booth, an actor of the play in Ford Theater. Booth shot President Lincoln that cause the president’s death.Up to now, the memory of President Lincoln still lives in the heart and memories of his fellow countrymen, guiding every American and the whole world to create a good nation and a better world where everyone is equal regardless of our distinction. Presi dent Abraham Lincoln is truly one of a kind and deserves our respect and the honor given to him, even greater. Not only his views and principles are admirable but also how he achieved his dreams and everything the he went through makes him even more worthy of our respect. References A&E Television Networks. (2007). Abraham Lincoln Biography (1809-65). RetrievedDecember 02, 2007 from http://www. biography. com/search/article. do? id=9382540. Bush, J. W. (No Date). Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved December 02, 2007 from http://www. whitehouse. gov/history/presidents/al16. html Cyber Nation. (2004). The Compelling Story of Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved December 02, 2007 from http://www. cybernation. com/lincoln_bio. html Norton, R. ,J. (2007). An Overview of Abraham Lincoln's Life. Retrieved December 02, 2007 from http://home. att. net/~rjnorton/Lincoln77. html Norton, R. , J. (2007). A Brief Biography of Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved December 02, 2007 from http://members. aol. com/RVSNorton/Linco ln23. html

The story of american history essays

The story of american history essays There is one word that each American would agree describes what this country was established for, freedom. If you asked ten people what freedom meant to them you would probably get ten different answers. The founders and original citizens of this country put their lives on the line to become free from a country they felt was unfairly ruling them. Many of these men had bought Africans to use as slaves in their homes and their fields. They were using a double standard. As all men are created equal Africans are not counted in this quote. Patriots saw their slaves as property and not actual people; therefore they were not entitled to the same rights as the colonists. Thomas Jefferson thought that all everyone should have equal rights. This included men, women, and African Americans. As explained in chapter one this ideal was one that was new to the colonists. Their society had always been dependant on the social status of the community and this went against all they had ever known. Although Jefferson himself owned over one hundred slaves he said that the way they were treated was no way for a human to live. During the antebellum era many workers used the term wage slavery to described how they felt about their working conditions. Many individuals worked for their employers for a wage that bareley allowed them to pay for the cost of living much less allowing them have any money to save. They felt that they were receiving an unfair amount of money for their work and they compared this to being a slave. The workers could not afford to quit, but they knew that they would never have enough money to get ahead or make a better life for them of their family. There are two sides to my feelings of the founding fathers that owned slaves. I understand that during this time period that owning slaves was almost a necessity to run a successful plantation. Slaves did all the work inside and outside the home. Witho...

Life Science and the Law essays

Life Science and the Law essays One issue that has been a controversy is the preservation of endangered species. Ever since the 1960's, scientists have been fighting for laws and acts to protect animals and plants in keeping them in good health and their populations high in numbers. The problem is animals and plants are having trouble surviving in today's world which leads them to be classified as endangered or threatened. Endangered, meaning animals or plants with little population that the species could soon become extinct and threatened is less severe and basically just means that they are close to becoming endangered. By species becoming endangered, this affects our habitat's biodiversity. Today, however, human beings are dependent for their food, health, well-being and enjoyment of life on fundamental biological systems and processes. Humans derive all of its food and many medicines and industrial products from the wild and without biological diversity these actions could not take place. Overall, major concern is stressed over this topic not only for species well-being, but for our strength and our environment. The law has a major impact on life sciences. Many acts and laws have been passed and through the years even revised to help benefit the species. The first act is a major act in dealing with this subject .The Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 and the Endangered Species Conservation act of 1969 was to demonstrate the stress on trying to protect endangered species. Although they weren't that effective. So on December 28, 1973, Richard M. Nixon signs the Endangered Species Act, which leads to the rise of environmental protection legislation. This law makes it illegal for Americans to import or trade in any product made from an endangered or threatened species unless it is used for an approved scientific purpose or to enhance the survival of the species. Also the endangered species on this list cannot be hunted , killed, collected, or injured i...

Thermodynamics and the Cooking of a Turkey

Thermodynamics and the Cooking of a Turkey Turkeys are native to North America, called Indian fowls in some writings of the 1500s. Around 1519, ships began transporting turkeys back to Spain, thus beginning its migration to Europe. American Benjamin Franklin advocated the turkey as the national bird. The turkey became prominent in Europe in the 1800s during the holiday season, replacing the goose as the most popular Christmas bird in the latter part of the century. In 1851, Queen Victoria had a turkey in place of her standard Christmas swan. The Make-Up of a Turkey At the biochemical level, a turkey is a combination of approximately 3 parts water to one part fat and one part protein. The majority of meat comes from muscle fibers in the turkey, which are mostly proteins- notably myosin and actin. Because turkeys rarely fly but rather walk, they contain far more fat in their legs than in their breast, which results in the strong differences in texture between these sections of the bird and the difficulty in making sure that all portions of the bird are properly heated. The Science of Cooking a Turkey As you cook the turkey, muscle fibers contract until they begin to break up at around 180 F. Bonds within the molecules begin to break down, causing proteins to unravel, and the dense muscle meat to become more tender. Collagen in the bird (one of three protein fibers that attaches muscles to the bone) breaks down into softer gelatin molecules as it unwinds. The dryness of a turkey is a result of muscle proteins coagulating within the meat, which can result if it is cooked too long. Temperature Differentials Part of the problem, as described above, is that the different nature of the light and dark meat in a turkey result in different rates to reach the coagulation of the muscle proteins. If you cook it too long, the breast meat has coagulated; if you dont cook the bird long enough, the dark meat is still tough and chewy. Harold McGee, a food science writer, indicates aiming for 155 to 160 F in the breast (which concurs with the overall temperature indicated by Roger Highfield), but you want 180 degrees or above in the leg (a distinction Highfield does not address). Heating Differentials Since you ultimately want the breast and legs to be different temperatures, the question is how to successfully accomplish this. McGree presents one option, by using ice packs to keep the breast of the bird about 20 degrees lower than the legs while thawing, so that the legs get a heat start on the cooking process when theyre put in the oven. Alton Brown, of Food Networks Good Eats, once presented another way to establish different heating rates, using aluminum foil to reflect heat away from the breast, thus resulting in the legs heating faster than the breast. His current roast turkey recipe on the Food Network website does not include this step, but if you watch the related videos, it shows the steps involved in using the aluminum foil. Cooking Thermodynamics Based on thermodynamics, it is possible to make some estimations of cooking time for a turkey. Considering the following estimations, it becomes fairly straightforward: Assume the oven maintains a constant temperature throughout.Assume the thermal diffusivity is independent of temperature and time.Assume the turkey is so plump that it can be estimated as a sphere. You can then apply the principles of Carlaw Jaegers 1947 Conduction of Heat in Solids to come up with an estimate for the cooking time. The radius of the hypothetical spherical turkey falls out, resulting in a formula based solely on mass. Traditional Cooking Times Small bird - twenty minutes per pound 20 minutesLarge bird - fifteen minutes per pound 15 minutes It would appear that these traditional cooking times work well in conjunction with the thermodynamic calculations provided, which give the time as being proportional to the mass to the power of two-thirds. Panofsky Turkey Constant Pief Panofsky, former SLAC Director, derived an equation to attempt to more precisely determine the cooking time of a turkey. His problem is that he disliked the traditional suggestion of 30 minutes per pound, because the time a turkey should be cooked is not a linear equation. He used t to represent the cooking time in hours and W as the weight of the stuffed turkey, in pounds, and determined the following equation for the amount of time the turkey should be cooked at 325 degrees Fahrenheit. According to the report, the constant value 1.5 was determined empirically. Heres the equation: t W (2/3)/1.5 Particle Accelerators Create Shrink Wrap The plastic shrink wrap that turkeys (specifically Butterball turkeys) come in may also have an amazing connection to particle physics. According to Symmetry magazine, some of these forms of shrink wrap are actually created by a particle accelerator. Particle accelerators use electron beams to knock hydrogen atoms off of the polymer chains within the polyethylene plastic, making it chemically active in just the right way so that when heat is applied it shrinks around the turkey. Theres a bit more detail provided in the Symmetry article on the subject. Sources and Further Reading Thermodynamics OverviewThe Physics of Christmas by Roger HighfieldSymmetry Breaking blog - The Panofsky turkey constantPhysics Talks Turkey This ThanksgivingSymmetry magazine - Accelerator applications: shrink wrapFood Network - Good Eats Roasted Turkey recipeCocktail Party Physics blog - A Taste of Science for Turkey DaySymmetry Breaking blog - Physicists talk turkey

Human Resources - Labor Laws and Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resources - Labor Laws and Unions - Essay Example It is vital to note that the company has its operations in more than 150 countries with 30 of the same as production bases. GM Company produces such vehicles as Cadillac, Chevrolet, Vauxhall, Opel, Holden and GMC (Cooke, 2003). It is vital to note that GM Company benefitted from chapter 11 Reorganization of 2009. This was a response by shareholders, in Asia and Europe, since they could not access their assets. The reorganization was possible through IPO shares. The government reduced its stake to 26 percent of the same. GM Company falls under the UAW union. This is a union that possesses the mandate of protecting workers from Puerto Rico and the USA. These workers are occupied in notable industries such as automobiles, health and educational sectors. Protecting civil rights and anti-communist movements has a long history. There are notable legal issues that this company may face in different scenarios. In this case, the company might face problems during bankruptcy. This may concern a court action by retired employees to demand payments. The belief in progress of such companies places the same in vulnerable financial situation of not paying their retired employees. In close relation to the same, the company faces legal issues in the case of laying off employees. In such cases, employees might demand reinstatement or better package for retrenchment. It is vital to note that the GM Company faces the legal obligation of awarding a pension plan to each of its employees. This depends on profits as the company progresses. In addition, GM Company faces legal challenges of paying health care obligation to each worker per every vehicle it produces. This does not allow for expansion of profits since the pay rises with sales. In case of breach, this law would break the federal law of PPACA that requires health care obligation to each individual. Avoidance of litigation pertains to having a well

Role of Accreditation in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of Accreditation in Healthcare - Essay Example Research shows that accredited health facilities offer a high level of patient care and service than unaccredited institutions. In essence therefore, by accrediting health facilities, government and registered healthcare accreditation bodies are offering patients with a map on where and where not to seek treatment. Without accreditation, people seek healthcare services would easily fall for quacks, and in the process endanger their health. The second role of accreditation is that it acts as a basis for protecting and fighting for patient rights (Manley et al, 2008). What this means is that in case health provision goes wrong and harms a patient’s health, the patient has a basis for seeking legal redress. For instance, a patient can seek legal help through the accreditation body. Alternatively, the patient can enjoin the accreditation body, when seeking legal redress from an accredited healthcare organization. Without accreditation and clear cut rules on how healthcare facilities should handle their patients, it would be difficult for a patient to seek legal redress in case something goes wrong. This is because; there would be no set benchmarks against which, health care service is measured against. The third role of accreditation in healthcare is statistics, budgeting and government fiscal planning. What this means is that through accreditation, the government is able to collect variable data on the current status of the healthcare sector (Sears et al, 2015). For instance, the government can easily collect data from accredited institutions on the prevalence of lifestyle diseases like diabetes. It can then act on such data and come up with measures for combating such diseases. Without accreditation, it would be difficult to know how many healthcare facilities are in operation leave alone collect valuable healthcare data from them.

A New House Desicion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A New House Desicion - Essay Example In the case of purchasing a new house, an individual might have to give up the benefit of a vacation trip to Switzerland. When an individual is deciding about purchasing a house, he does not only forgo the benefits of purchasing another good or services, he/she even forgo the cost attached to purchasing a good or service over the cost of good and service he/she has planned to purchase. This is called the cost benefit analysis that an individual has to conduct in order to make a purchase decision. While conducting cost benefit analysis, an individual compares the cost and benefits of purchasing a particular good or service in comparison to the costs and benefits associated with the forgone goods and services (Stretton, 1999, p.206) In the real world individuals are not presented with a situation where they have to choose either one side of the paradigm. For example while purchasing a house, an individual might have an option of purchasing the one located in a low cost area and might h ave another option where the house is located just on the street. Individuals use the concept of marginal changes or in other words alterations that are incremental and meager in nature as stated by the economists. For example: an individual might be under the process of deciding whether to buy a new home or to obtain a home on rent, the decision of whether going for the purchase or rent depends on the marginal costs and benefits that are attached with the decision. Another economic concept that comes into play, while an individual makes the decision of purchasing a new house is the concept of incentives.... People make decision after conducting a cost and benefit analysis for various decisions and they might change their decision over time with changes in the costs and benefits associated with a decision. For example: if an individual obtains an apartment or a home on rent, he might go for purchase of a new home if the cost of renting the house exceeds the benefits of obtaining a house on rental conditions. Due to increase in rents, demand for ownership f houses will elevate, which will increase the demand of new houses and the supply of new houses will increase. Marginal Costs Several marginal costs and benefits are associated with an individual’s decision of purchasing a new home. These costs and benefits need to weigh properly in order to reach a decision that is backed by utmost rationality. The first marginal cost that an individual has to experience is amortization while making the decision to purchase a new home (Arnold, 2010, p.505). If an individual is currently living i n a home that he had obtained on rental basis and in order to purchase a new home requires certain portion of the amount of money the individual is paying as rent for repayments, the different between these amounts is recognized as a marginal cost. This case is mostly experienced by individual as purchase of house is much expensive than obtaining a house on rental basis (Grant, 2000, p.29). Other than the amount of money paid as amortization, individuals even need to take into consideration, the payment of insurance bills that are associated with the purchase of a new home. Another form of marginal cost that an individual might have to pay is the amount of time that an individual spends in traveling from school or work to his or

Group Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Group Work - Essay Example The main objective of formation of this group was to assist various individuals within the institute and outside too in organizing various events like seminars, workshops, conferences, concerts, and various other formal and informal gatherings in a professional mode. The true objectives associated with this set up were many but the major ones are listed as below: There are very fewer set ups that offer opportunities to earn and learn simultaneously, and this set up was one of them. Apart from the earn and learn concept, it also allowed the members to associate themselves with various firms that needed events organized and managed, and allowed creating contacts in various industry for sponsorships and other related activities. The rationale for the creating of such a group was the recognized need; as witnessed in the career sections of the newspapers, the demand for event organizing and management individuals was growing rapidly not just in the home town but across the continent. Considering the same aspect, it was realized that having such a set up would provide home grounds for learning and making most of this opportunity, as it was foreseeable that this experience would tremendously contribute as we graduate and move in the jobs market. It was also felt that formation of this group and serving this category is a niche that is lacking in the market today. It was felt that firms hire individuals as event managers or event coordinators and once hired, they perform all the tasks and keep coordinating with the concerned department or to a particular person in the firm, while this hired individual has no command but the role of a coordinator. It was realized that formation of such a group would eventually as sist firms in outsourcing any events to be planned, managed or organized. Our job relates to social work because often charity organizations are involved in organizing various programs and

Rhetolical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Rhetolical analysis - Essay Example ill go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† Although some paid little attention to his words, his speech perpetually constituted civil rights in the souls of majority of Americans (Leff and Kauffeld 181). King’ speech had a way of persuading the American people with powerful words, in fact, he remains to be one of the world’s greatest orators. In his deliberative speech, he notably uses Ethos, Logos and Pathos to convince Americans that racism and discrimination was not the way to go to achieve the American Dream. King’s uses figures of speech to stress certain words. For example, the use of inversion and anaphora stresses the aim and main points in his speech. He states that â€Å"one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.† He also uses experience and metaphors to show his audience what discrimination and racism has done to the American society. His own experience is incorporated in the speech when he says that â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their charac ter.† And metaphors when he says that â€Å"Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." To bring authority to his speech and project that he is worth listening to, King uses Lincoln who is a respectable figure, the American Constitutionan and God. In his analogy of Lincoln, he states that â€Å"Five score years ago, a great American, in

Assessment of Creedmoor Addiction Treatment Center Term Paper

Assessment of Creedmoor Addiction Treatment Center - Term Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that  Creedmoor Addiction Treatment Centre embraces their unwavering commitment to prevent, treat and eliminate childhood disease. Some of the entities that make up their organization are hospital, research and foundation. Each of these is vital in their effort to give hope, care and cure to patients today and tomorrow.   It is a three-year-old bravely drug and substance abuse or a research team discovering an important cure for a disease.   It is also the generous support by their community and loyal customers in providing funds and supporting their growing care, advanced clinical care, innovative research and continuing with education and patient care space needs.According to the essay findings to lay a strong foundation, ATC   should embrace their unwavering commitment to prevent, treat and eliminate drug and substance abuse. Some of the entities that make up their organization are hospital, research and foundation. Each of these is vital in their effort to give hope, care and cure to patients today and tomorrow.   It is a three-year-old bravely fighting cancer, or a research team discovering an important cure for a disease.   It is also the generous support by their community and loyal customers in providing funds and supporting their growing care, advanced clinical care, innovative research and continuing with education and patient care space needs.

Group Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Group Work - Essay Example The main objective of formation of this group was to assist various individuals within the institute and outside too in organizing various events like seminars, workshops, conferences, concerts, and various other formal and informal gatherings in a professional mode. The true objectives associated with this set up were many but the major ones are listed as below: There are very fewer set ups that offer opportunities to earn and learn simultaneously, and this set up was one of them. Apart from the earn and learn concept, it also allowed the members to associate themselves with various firms that needed events organized and managed, and allowed creating contacts in various industry for sponsorships and other related activities. The rationale for the creating of such a group was the recognized need; as witnessed in the career sections of the newspapers, the demand for event organizing and management individuals was growing rapidly not just in the home town but across the continent. Considering the same aspect, it was realized that having such a set up would provide home grounds for learning and making most of this opportunity, as it was foreseeable that this experience would tremendously contribute as we graduate and move in the jobs market. It was also felt that formation of this group and serving this category is a niche that is lacking in the market today. It was felt that firms hire individuals as event managers or event coordinators and once hired, they perform all the tasks and keep coordinating with the concerned department or to a particular person in the firm, while this hired individual has no command but the role of a coordinator. It was realized that formation of such a group would eventually as sist firms in outsourcing any events to be planned, managed or organized. Our job relates to social work because often charity organizations are involved in organizing various programs and

Assessment of Creedmoor Addiction Treatment Center Term Paper

Assessment of Creedmoor Addiction Treatment Center - Term Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that  Creedmoor Addiction Treatment Centre embraces their unwavering commitment to prevent, treat and eliminate childhood disease. Some of the entities that make up their organization are hospital, research and foundation. Each of these is vital in their effort to give hope, care and cure to patients today and tomorrow.   It is a three-year-old bravely drug and substance abuse or a research team discovering an important cure for a disease.   It is also the generous support by their community and loyal customers in providing funds and supporting their growing care, advanced clinical care, innovative research and continuing with education and patient care space needs.According to the essay findings to lay a strong foundation, ATC   should embrace their unwavering commitment to prevent, treat and eliminate drug and substance abuse. Some of the entities that make up their organization are hospital, research and foundation. Each of these is vital in their effort to give hope, care and cure to patients today and tomorrow.   It is a three-year-old bravely fighting cancer, or a research team discovering an important cure for a disease.   It is also the generous support by their community and loyal customers in providing funds and supporting their growing care, advanced clinical care, innovative research and continuing with education and patient care space needs.

An Integral Part Of A Democratic State Essay Example for Free

An Integral Part Of A Democratic State Essay Elections are an integral part of a democratic state. The argument is sometimes put forward that participatory democracy should be the basis for a whole political system, a replacement for parliamentary democracy. Representative institutions based on one person one vote determine the principles and general direction of an elected government. Participatory democracy can monitor the work of the executive and state apparatus. The importance of process Take waste. The same principles of daily and ongoing democratic processes could be applied to education, transport, and social services. Formally, representative democracy does have the final say. Participatory democracy, in a complementary relationship to electoral power, thus has the potential to move societies further towards the democratic ideals of popular control and political equality. I believe that a strong and aware civil society keeps their elected representatives on their toes, by asking questions through organized interest groups all of whom press their causes on government, sometimes through political parties and through independent lobbies. Participatory democracy provides a real alternative, or complement, to elected power: a distinct and organized public sphere in which the demands of the people can be articulated, developed and negotiated between each other, and finally negotiated with the local or other relevant state institutions. Conditions for participatory growth In order for participatory democracy to attain legitimacy and reinvigorate democratic politics as a whole, certain conditions need to be in place. The aim for participatory institutions is essentially to share decision-making power with government, to exercise some control over the work of state institutions and to monitor the implementation of governments decisions. The process must get results; in the sense that these parties are able to use their electoral legitimacy to emphasize the importance of the participatory process. If participatory democracy spreads, the institutions of representative government may lose some power to the new participatory sphere. The new systems of managing public resources through a combination of electoral and participative democracy bring an overall gain in democratic legitimacy and as a result, potentially, in democratic power. I believe that participatory democracy and the election process should be in the forefront in advocating transparency among government officials and their constituents. It is also important that citizens should be more aware and involved because the main argument of a democracy is the constant participation of people with regards to political debates and decisions. Without the people’s involvement, government leaders will not hold positions of power in the first place. Grassroots parties that are well represented inside the halls of congress should not just advocate the things that they think are important, but they also should stand as role models for the people who do not have the chance everyday to sit in a position of power. It is inevitable in a democracy that sometimes elections become an issue in itself. With this in my mind, I believe that people who go out to vote and those who pass on the opportunity to vote must always respect the final verdict whether it favors them or not. Yes, it is an issue because sometimes it is very easy for people to point fingers and start up a rumor that an election is fixed. For me, the only solution for this issue is to improve the way elections are being held. As a voter myself, it would also help if we encourage our society to go out and vote. Apathy sometimes can backfire on us. We should take care of our rights as citizens and voters to be more aware of the situation and act accordingly. By doing so, we protect ourselves from being short changed by the very institution, which the sole purpose is to protect us.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Banking

Corporate Social Responsibility in Banking Abstract: In todays global economy, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a core component of corporate strategy. As a result CSR emerge as a safeguard to protect financial scandals and diminish reputation of the banks. It also advocates and works to minimize the conflicts with stakeholders. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) designed to respond to huge unmet needs of the society in the achievement of long term and persistent business value. Especially commercial banks play an important role in implementing various social and philanthropic programs to help disadvantaged people of the country. To reinforce, CSR activities, banks have focused the area of market place, work place, community and environmental policy. The analysis in the study was targeted to understand the overall corporate responsibility status in the banking sector of Bangladesh. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Commercial Banks, Bangladesh. Introduction: Now-a-days corporate strategy planner focuses their concentration on wealth maximization rather than profit maximization. The main cause is the intense market competition. So, they divert mentality from conventional business to social business. In addition, recent financial scandals eg, Enron, Parmalat, Worldcom etc have forced corporate executives, globally, to contemplate a broader strategy beyond the focused view of stockholders wealth maximization. The impact of business on the society has become a crucial issue. As a result, banks are emphasized on social, ethical and environmentally responsible approaches to business activity. Bank examine the environmental effect of projects in loan approval process and no projects are approved which are detrimental to the environment. Commercial banks are well aligned with Bangladesh Banks guidance on this aspect. They believe in the need to focus on poverty alleviation through education and health care, for long run benefit of the nation. Recent theories of CSR (Baron (2001), McWilliams and Siegel (2001), Bagnoli and Watts (2003)) assert that firms engage in profit-maximizing CSR. That is, companies are assumed to be socially responsible because they anticipate a benefit from these actions. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) has given the following definition of CSR: CSR is the task of a business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working together with workers, their families, the local community and society in general to improve quality of life. Barnea and Rubin (2005) demonstrate that the decision to invest in CSR is negatively related to insider ownership, and interpret this finding in the light of an overinvestment hypothesis. CSR is good for shareholder value, up to a given level, but insiders may have an interest to overinvest in it to improve their reputation, and they are more likely to do so when their ownership share is lower. Literature Review: There is a growing trend for investors to direct their money towards explicitly socially responsible organizations. According to Peter A. Heslin and Jenna D. Ochoa (2008) The amount invested in green mutual funds in the U.S. rose 695% in the last six years. During the last three years, the amount of money invested in clean energy has reached U.S. $70.9 billion globally. The primary goal of any economy is to maximize the material wealth of nations (Adam Smith), production and distribution of wealth (John Stuart Mill), to maximize material wealth and material welfare (Alfred Marshall), satisfaction of the human needs with the scarce means (Lionel Robbins). But now a day, the objective of a firm is not only consistent with those scholars but also incorporates social, ethical and environmental concerns. Therefore the primary objective, the purpose or use for which, firms exist is to ensure the subsistence of mankind and sustenance of the Earth containing the mankind. Some authors have argued that the stakeholder perspective of CSR ought to extend to the concept of accountability. Drawing from the works of other academics (e.g. Gray et al. 1987; Williams 1987; Roberts and Scapens, 1985), Swift (2001:17) broadly describes accountability as the requirement or duty to provide an account or justification for oneÊÂ ¹s actions to whomever one is answerable and narrowly as being pertinent to contractual arrangements only, where accountability is not contractually bound there can be no act of accountability. According to Lantos (2001), ethical CSR is a firms mandatory fulfillment of economic, legal and ethical responsibilities. It is akin to the first three components of Carrolls typology. Altruistic CSR is the same as philanthropic responsibility of Carrolls typology but differed from it in the sense that Lantos argued that it would only be possible for private firms to be philanthropic and irresponsibility on the part of public corporations since they do not have the rights to use the funds of shareholders (who might also be involved in private philanthropy) for public philanthropy. As argued by Konz and Ryan (1999: 200): People are searching for meaning in work that transcends mere economic exchanges between isolated, autonomous individuals. (and) a way to connect their work lives with their spiritual lives, to work together in community, to be unified in a vision and purpose that goes far beyond making money. In modern era, business activities moving around the society visualizing sustainable development. It is not only a promotional activity but also an ethical dilemma. Some of the authors findings are given below: Author Findings Sethi (1975) corporate activities should be stable over time definitions of various categories should be applicable across firms, industries, or even social systems, making comparative analysis possible. Carroll (1991, 2004) CSR is made up of the following components in a bottom-up order: (1) economic responsibility be profitable (2) legal responsibility obey the law (3) ethical responsibility be ethical (4) philanthropic responsibility -be a good global corporate citizen Lantos (2001) Identified the following strands of CSR: (a) ethical CSR, (b) altruistic CSR and (c) strategic CSR CPD (December, 2002) Following issues have been identified under corporate responsibility framework:- Sustainable Development Business Ethics Human Rights Legal Compliance Corporate Governance Fair Employment Health Safety Labor Standards Community Relations Environmental Responsibilities Objectives of the Study: The objective of the study is to investigate a definite structure and concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the area of banking sector. It deals with early history of corporate social responsibility, banking mission, and the area of social welfare. Besides these, it has some special objectives. These are: To get an idea of banking role in sustainable development. Evaluate transparency and accountability of corporate as well as public entities. To learn business ethics, safety and ergonomic issues. To learn banks responsibility to community. To know standard conduct that includes employment fair policy and all core labor standards. Methodology of the study: The paper is constructed to synchronize theoretical and practical exposure of CSR in Banking perspective. As a result, the paper is descriptive in nature. Most of the information are generated by evaluating Secondary Sources like: Annual report of different commercial Banks Study related books and journals Web sites Collected data have then processed compiled with the aid of MS Word, Excel other related computer software. Necessary tables have been prepared on the basis of collected data and various statistical techniques have been applied to analyses on the basis of classified information. Evaluation and Findings: In Bangladesh, there are forty eight scheduled banks and out of them forty six had engagement in CSR practices in some form or other in 2009 (Review of CSR Initiative-2008-09). Due to intense competition in the banking sector, it is essential for a bank to behave in a responsible manner towards the society. This sense stimulates business activities in a long term and persistent social value. To attain this intrinsic quality banks should: Focus on vision based strategy (wealth maximization rather than profit maximization). Draw their attention to internal and external components of the CSR activities like; fair salary structure, employee benefit, corporate governance, labor standards etc. They need to trust their shareholder-customers, shareholders, employees and society. Behaving responsibility towards society and the environment strengthens this trust. Their commitment has always been to behave ethically and to contribute towards changing the quality of life of their people, the local community and generally the society. Corporate social responsibility focuses on: Figure 3.2: Area of Social Responsibility Work Place Environment Market Place Area of CSR Community Source: Annual Report of National Bank Ltd (2009) In 2004 and 2005, several banks adopted meticulous CSR policies to limit lending related to destructive projects. The intense pressure from environmental activists and shareholders, different banks agreed to not finance projects in endangered or high conservation value forests or where illegal logging is occurring. Environmental concerns have grown steady during the past several decades. Goldman Sachs was the first global investment bank to adopt a comprehensive environmental policy. The natural environment is the major worldwide issue facing the business and the public. World concern continues to mount about the depletion of the Earths ozone layer and the resulting green house effect, a dangerous warning of the Earth. In the year 2007, There is a greater concentration in the field of disaster relief, both in participation and expenditure wise, was observed mainly because of the cyclone Sidr. Whereas, in the year 2009, the Education and Health sectors were getting more attention and appeared to be the most popular area for CSR activities as huge investments are being made by several banks in these segments. These shifts point to the responsiveness of the banking community to the changing need of the society. Despite progress made by many companies, adoption of CSR policies and reporting are still in its early stages at most corporations. Our Corporate Social Responsibility Program engages companies to adopt strong social and environmental policies, and follows us to ensure that commitments are kept. Corporate social responsibilities may provide added advantages to the business like as Balanced Score Card. Because pushing incentives in the base level (Work Place, Market Place, Community and Environment) will increase bottom line figure (Profit) of the statement. The positive attitude towards the focused element (Table-03) is the way of getting added advantages from the society. Major Areas Focused Element Added Advantages Work Place Working Environment Enhance employee satisfaction, confidence, productivity and loyalty Employee Benefit Training Job Security Gender Discrimination Staff welfare Day-care Center for children of bank employee Market Place Customer Service Attain customer fidelity, and retention New Product Introduce new technology Community Education Secure public confidence, interaction, positive attitude and devotion Employment Sports Cultural Activities Health Care Disaster Relief Environment Forestation Allure public attention through ethical behavior Financing on eco-friendly firm (Financial Inclusion) Fig: Added Advantages received by practicing CSR The Financial sector in turn can contribute hugely by catalyzing CSR practices in their real sector corporate clients, promoting inclusive economic and social development. In terms of direct monetary expenditure, engagements of banks in CSR initiatives are increasing, particularly following issuance of BB guidance (DOS Circular No 01 Dated 1st June 2008): CSR expenditures of banks have thus far largely been in the form of passive grants and donations. Apart from one-off grants and giveaways, some banks have engagements in longer term continuing support commitments, in areas of education and healthcare. Besides the passive engagements by way of grants/donations (Table 1, Section B, page 2), banks are now getting actively engaged in socially responsible business operations, by way of increased lending to under-served economic sectors like agriculture and SMEs, towards fuller financial inclusion and faster poverty eradication. The June 2008 BB Guidance circular suggested that banks could begin reporting their CSR initiatives in a modest way as supplements to usual annual financial reports, eventually to develop into full blown comprehensive reports in GRI format. Banks are yet to adopt separate reporting of their CSR activities in comprehensive formats such as the GRI format. Recommendations: The ultimate conclusion is that corporate responsibility is a changing philosophy of business. The demands for social responsibility have provoked enthusiastic discussion and debate on what new roles, if any, business firms should play in the social system. Banks should not attempt to minimize the expectations of the society; rather they need to respond to them more efficiently. The corporate responsibility practices can play positive role in improving competitiveness in the corporate entities in Bangladesh as well as improve working and living environment for the workforce. Whether is for the government, the community, shareholders, directs, top management, employees or the general public, a corporate organization that intends to effect changes in the environment must always perform a number of socially responsible actions. Formulate uniform rules and regulations: Government or regulatory bodies should formulate uniform rules and regulation regarding CSR practices in banking sector. Tax Shield: All social contribution by the banks should be tax exempted. As a result, social contribution will increase gradually. Change corporate values: In most of the cases, social contribution treated as enhance reputation only. But, they have to change their values and try to think its their responsibility too. Improving Business and Social Productivity: A societys productivity depends on how efficiently it uses resources. If the naturally human and financial resources are combined and managed effectively by business forms then the productivity of both business and society can be high. Balancing Ethics and Economics:A serious social challenge to business is to integrate ethics and economics. How much more profit is desirable and what cost to the customers? What about product quality? Is the customer being cheated through poor measurement or abrasive advertisement? Ethical behavior and economics are the opposite sides of a bad coin. There should be a balance. References: Carroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4):39-48 Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional Construct. Business Society, 38(3):268-295 Carroll, A. B. (2004). Managing ethically with global stakeholders: A present and future challenge. Academy of Management Executive, 18(2):114-119 Lantos, G. P. (2001). The boundaries of strategic corporate social responsibility. Journal of Consumer Marketing 18(7): 595-630 Konz, G. N. P Ryan, F. X. (1999). Maintaining an organizational spirituality: no easy task. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(3):200-210. Peter A. Heslin and Jenna D. Ochoa , Understanding and developing strategic corporate social responsibility, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 125-144, 2008 www.sciencedirect.com

Drugs and Decay :: essays papers

Drugs and Decay Drugs and decay; Iran; Iran's losing fight against drugs. (International)(Brief Article) Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2001 Economist Newspaper Ltd. TABOO subjects, Muhammad Khatami has insisted, should be talked about. Before he was elected president in 1997, most Iranians were unaware of their high level of drug addiction. But now, thanks to press reports and unexpectedly lively debate, everyone knows that the country has about 2m opium and heroin addicts, and that the effects are tugging at the social fabric. The discussion has spurred efforts to stop the flow of Afghanistan's opium, morphine and heroin into Iran, and thence to Turkey and Western Europe. The security forces have stationed 30,000 men on the long border, and fortified lengths of it with trenches and concrete barriers. During a violent period at the end of last year, this border force, which has lost 3,000 men in two decades of fighting the smugglers, was ambushing well-armed gangs almost daily. Their efforts have brought some eye-catching successes. Iran claims 85% of world-wide opium seizures last year, and 45% of morphine and heroin seizures. In February the police raided "Cannibal Island", a squalid corner of Tehran and its biggest drugs supermarket. They arrested about 500 people, before bulldozers razed the area. "It's difficult to see what more they can do," said an admiring Keith Hellawell, the head of Britain's anti-drugs campaign, when he visited Iran earlier this year. "It's a war." To give itself a better chance, Iran has modified its foreign policy. Rather than persist with its refusal to talk to the Taliban, Iran is now helping the Afghan government to transform its poppy fields into prairies of wheat. The UN says that the Taliban may have cut poppy cultivation by 70%. Indeed, in the past three months, the price in Tehran of a mesqal of opium, the five-gram unit of choice, has soared from $2.50 to $9. But talk of victory is premature. However courageous and efficient they are, Iran's border forces and police probably intercept no more than 30% of the drugs that enter the country. Junkies and aid workers alike suspect that the rise in opium prices has less to do with crop substitution and record hauls than it has to do with stockpiling. Moreover, the price of heroin, which is more addictive and more lethal than opium, has stayed absurdly cheap: one (highly adulterated) hit in Tehran costs 50 cents.

Giving Universities the Business Essay -- essays papers

Giving Universities the Business "The business of America is business." Calvin Coolidge "To talk in public, to think in solitude, to read and to hear, to inquire and answer inquiries, is the business of a scholar." Samuel Johnson In the last ten years there has been a concerted movement in this country to re-design schools according to the Business Model--a movement which has recently gained an apparently unstoppable momentum. We hear continually of the university's need to open up "new markets," to learn new ways to "compete" and create new "customer bases"; simultaneously, we are bombarded with demands from the politicians and administrators who control our public funds to increase our "productivity" and "accountability." (1) Justifications for this evangelical urge are various, but usually take one of two forms: the Times Are Tough argument, which assumes that the traditional sources of university revenues (tuition and public funds) are "drying up," and that the logical substitute are Product Dollars, i.e., money "customers" will only spend for a "product" they have been convinced they either want or need; and the Schools Are Lazy argument, which assumes that universities are islands of idleness and inefficiency in the ocean of American business success, and that the missionaries from the business world can redeem our scholars by converting them to habits of rigor and accountability. Both of these models take their inspiration from the definitions of "business" which usually go something like "a commercial or industrial establishment where the demands of profit rule all other considerations." Interestingly enough, this and related definitions seem to assume "profit" can only be achieved through activitie s practical,... ...orgotten all about teaching: "... [the] culprit is 'process'--the belief that we can teach our children how to think without troubling them to learn anything worth thinking about." Quoted in Cultural Pedagogy: Art/Education/Politics, David Trend, Bergin & Garvey, New York, 1992. 3 As I know this figure will be greeted by some with skepticism,a more detailed breakdown of the average academic work week is available in the WWW document Work Load Figures. 4 Though it may finally be dawning on some that business does not equal efficiency and success when it comes to education, as with Baltimore's recent decision to terminate its contract with EAI. 5 For instance, the recent reorganization of GEDs was a perfect opportunity to negotiate a matching reduction in teaching load, from 4/4 to the much saner (and standard) 3/3. Was a single word spoken about such a "deal"? Giving Universities the Business Essay -- essays papers Giving Universities the Business "The business of America is business." Calvin Coolidge "To talk in public, to think in solitude, to read and to hear, to inquire and answer inquiries, is the business of a scholar." Samuel Johnson In the last ten years there has been a concerted movement in this country to re-design schools according to the Business Model--a movement which has recently gained an apparently unstoppable momentum. We hear continually of the university's need to open up "new markets," to learn new ways to "compete" and create new "customer bases"; simultaneously, we are bombarded with demands from the politicians and administrators who control our public funds to increase our "productivity" and "accountability." (1) Justifications for this evangelical urge are various, but usually take one of two forms: the Times Are Tough argument, which assumes that the traditional sources of university revenues (tuition and public funds) are "drying up," and that the logical substitute are Product Dollars, i.e., money "customers" will only spend for a "product" they have been convinced they either want or need; and the Schools Are Lazy argument, which assumes that universities are islands of idleness and inefficiency in the ocean of American business success, and that the missionaries from the business world can redeem our scholars by converting them to habits of rigor and accountability. Both of these models take their inspiration from the definitions of "business" which usually go something like "a commercial or industrial establishment where the demands of profit rule all other considerations." Interestingly enough, this and related definitions seem to assume "profit" can only be achieved through activitie s practical,... ...orgotten all about teaching: "... [the] culprit is 'process'--the belief that we can teach our children how to think without troubling them to learn anything worth thinking about." Quoted in Cultural Pedagogy: Art/Education/Politics, David Trend, Bergin & Garvey, New York, 1992. 3 As I know this figure will be greeted by some with skepticism,a more detailed breakdown of the average academic work week is available in the WWW document Work Load Figures. 4 Though it may finally be dawning on some that business does not equal efficiency and success when it comes to education, as with Baltimore's recent decision to terminate its contract with EAI. 5 For instance, the recent reorganization of GEDs was a perfect opportunity to negotiate a matching reduction in teaching load, from 4/4 to the much saner (and standard) 3/3. Was a single word spoken about such a "deal"?

Grief and Rosaldo’s Rage Essay

She had not suffered much. Her death came and went quickly. Michelle was dead, gone forever at the blink of an eye. As her husband looked over her body at the bottom of a 65 foot sheer precipice, many ideas and emotions fluttered in his mind. Renato Rosaldo describes his experience at the site of the fatal accident, overlooking the body of his lifeless wife, Michelle Rosaldo: â€Å"I felt like in a nightmare, the whole world around me expanding and contracting, visually and viscerally heaving (476).† Although at the time of the tragedy and many months after, Renato Rosaldo found himself in an almost delusional state of grief, the calamity helped Rosaldo reach a state of enlightenment with his study of the Ilongot tribe. Michelle and Renato Rosaldo had studied the Ilongot tribe in the northern part of the Philippines as anthropologists. Renato Rosaldo’s past attempts at understand the Ilongot’s reason for head hunting, â€Å"rage, born of grief,† had failed using his method of hermeneutics. The conclusions Rosaldo drew from this explanation were, at best, educated guesses. Trying to be objective to his study of the Ilongot tribe, Rosaldo could not understand the driving factor behind killing a fellow human as a way of dealing with the loss of someone close to you. What he later started to understand was that the ritual was something that could not easily and readily be described. It was not until the time of his wife’s death that he could comprehend the force of anger possible in bereavement. The force was so strong within him that drawing parallels with the ways Rosaldo’s own culture had molded him into dealing with bereavement started to overlap with the Ilongot way. This emotional force became the key in helping Rosaldo unlock the mystery of this rage via bereavement, and unfortunately, it could only come at the price of Michelle Rosaldo. Renato Rosaldo’s explanation of why the Ilongot used head hunting as a way of dealing with bereavement is compelling due to his understanding of emotional force through his own personal experience. After the loss of his brother, then four years later, the loss of his colleague, friend, and wife Michelle Rosaldo, Rosaldo experienced  bereavement and the emotional force that accompanies it first hand. Spending months grieving, Rosaldo’s insights on the topic of head hunting had changed dramatically. Shortly after his wife’s death, an excerpt from his journal concurs with the change of perception of the Ilongot people. My journal went on to reflect more broadly on death, rage, and headhunting by speaking of my ‘wish for the Ilongot solution; they are much more in touch with reality than Christians. So, I need a place to carry my anger – and can we say a solution of the imagination is better than theirs? And can we condemn them when we napalm villages? Is our rationale so much sounder than theirs (478)? Rosaldo’s experience with personal bereavement left him with a sense of what despair and rage could conjure up in the human being. Wishing for the Ilongot solution himself, Rosaldo finally realized that the Ilongot were not as different as he had originally thought. The emotional force Rosaldo had felt has the same core as the force that pushed the older tribesman into a headhunting raid. Rosaldo’s comparison of his solution of the imagination and the ritualistic headhunting had rage as the common seed. Rosaldo’s initial attempts to find what drives the older Ilongot men to headhunt using traditional ethnographic methods failed. Renato and Michelle Rosaldo played a tape of a headhunting celebration five years prior, evoking great emotion from the crowd of Ilongot because the celebrator on the tape had already been deceased and headhunting was now forbidden. â€Å"The song pulls at us, drags our hearts, it makes us think of our dead uncle†¦Leave off now, isn’t that enough? Even I, a woman, cannot stand the way it feels inside my heart†¦At the time I could only feel apprehensive and diffusely sense the force of the emotions experienced†¦(473-474).† Rosaldo’s emotional detachment from the man speaking on the tape recorder prevents him with identifying with the Ilongot tribesmen. This lack of emotional connection is understandable, as Rosaldo himself was obviously not as close to the man practicing the ceremony as his family. This understanding of the rage and sorrow that the Ilongot members had felt during the listening is a crucial element of how the dynamic between bereavement and sorrow function. Rosaldo understood that his analysis could easily be brought under fire due to the tying in of personal experiences during his ethnography of the Ilongot culture. Rosaldo concurs that there is potential for risk by saying, â€Å"Introducing myself into this account requires a certain hesitation both because of the discipline’s taboo and because of its increasingly frequent violation by essays laced with trendy amalgams of continental philosophy and autobiographical snippets (475).† The possibility for an anthropologist who brings personal experience into an analysis of a foreign culture to become too self absorbed is always possible. Rosaldo avoids this frequent ethnographic infringement by separating self righteousness from applying personal experiences for comparison in anthropology. Rosaldo claims that his and all interpretations are provisional, stating that â€Å"they are made by positioned subjects who are prepared to know certain things and not others (476),† which presents that he only began to fathom the force of what the Ilongot’s had been describing as the anger held because of bereavement. Although some would argue that the risks with mixing emotion during anthropological study are too great, total objectivity can not always provide a complete analysis. Although being objective and getting the factual aspects of rituals and cultural symbols provides great insight of a culture and its formal procedures, it does not necessarily give the ethnographer the true experience of the event; let it be bereavement or something else. The true meaning behind many events and cultural symbols that are looked at objectively are really quite open to interpretation. Who is to say that what the ethnographer interprets as being one thing, in turn, does not represent something totally different for the subject actually being studied? Although it is not true for all cases, bereavement and the emotional forces that are its byproduct can only be successfully analyzed and interpreted when the observer’s experience overlaps or parallels that of the subject’s. Rosaldo later found his own experience overlapping that of the Ilongot’s. After suffering through not only the loss of his young brother’s life, but the loss of his wife’s, Renato Rosaldo’s view of headhunting had drastically  changed. Although Rosaldo had spent fourteen years attempting to conclude the actual drive behind the Ilongot murderous ritual using current anthropological methodology, in one swift moment, he had felt the drive within himself. This emotional force had left him seeking for the Ilongot solution. Realizing that this rage within him had pieced together the ethnographic puzzle of the Ilongot headhunting, Rosaldo masterfully avoided becoming too self absorbed while giving his account of the Ilongot ritualistic beheading. Rosaldo posed the question, â€Å"Do people always in fact describe most thickly what matters most to them (470)?† After review of Rosaldo’s essay, one will most likely conclude that the answer is no. Works Cited Rosaldo, Renato. â€Å"Grief and a Headhunter’s Rage.† Literacies. Ed. Terence Brunk Suzanne Diamond Priscilla Perkins Ken Smith New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1997. 469-487

Frei Otto Munich Stadium

MUNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM//FREI OTTO//1972 gizem akgun/ nuria juanbaro sarret/kanaka raghavan _ADDA 2012-2013 GERMAN PAVILION// MONTREAL//1967//cable nets TUWAIQ PALACE//SAUDI ARABIA//1970// cable nets OLYMPIC STADIUM//MUNICH//1972// cable nets ORKS MULTIHALLE MANNHIEM //GERMANY//1975// grid shells JAPAN PAVILION EXPO 2000//HANOVER GERMANY//2000//grid shell German architect and research engineer 1957 // Development Center for Lightweight Construc on in Berlin. 1964// Ins tute for Lightweight Structures in Stu gart.Exhibited a special gi for crea ng lightweight tent structures Computer-based procedure for determining their shape and behaviour Alterna ve system of grid shell structures HE ARCHITECT /FREI OTTO HE LIGHTWEIGHT PRINCIPLE/tensile Tensile roofs/ every part of the structure is loaded in tension with no requirement to resist compression Cable nets/ grid of structural cables in tension forming the framework supports a weather shield. An clas c Surfaces/ tension forces are in equil ibrium, the centres of curvature are in opposite side of the membrane Synclas c Surfaces/ the centres of curvature are on the same side of the membrane n clas c curve hyper paraboloid hyper paraboloid/ minimum 4 pts with alteast 1 pt out of plane Less material and e? ort Remarkably large spans Combined tensile structure and biological research Only a few members,are under compression while all others, for instance, cables and membranes, are under tension For tension and rigidity, an clas c or saddle-like curvatures HE LIGHTWEIGHT PRINCIPLE UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /details SITE// Originally the se ng of a 1930’s air? eld,former training ground for the Bavarian Royal Army and the site of Munich’s ? rst civil airport. Ground had been used as a dump yard for ruined buildings’ rubble. 00m tall broadcast tower, s ll present today, a major landmark of the site. PROGRAM// 80,000 seats Smaller enclosed sports hall Swimming hall Warm-up arena Enclosed workout facility Housi ng for 3000 people UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /1972 Gunter Behnisch proposed light and open structures con nuous ? uid tent roo? ng resembling natural hills Frei O o’s Montreal Pavilion was the guiding piece The original system came from model studies where ladies stockings were used to simulate the tent’s surfaces al proposal CRITICAL STUDIES// Mast heights gave ghter curvature near the masts and leave the unsa sfactory ? t perimeter areas unimproved Increasing the pre-stress to ? at areas would provide the necessary stability, but only at impossibly high levels of tensioning UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM/ini Winner of the compe on for 1972 olympic park by GUNTER BEHNISCH ERMAN PAVILLION,MONTREAL/1967 Real masterpiece of lightweight architecture,Frei O l/Behnisch Ini al mode o UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /comparisons UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /inspira Dragon? y wings are one three-thousandth of a millimeter thick Up to 1,000 sec ons Compartmental structure, wings do not tear, withstand the pressure that forms during ? ght. Driving principle for design of roof on 7 saddle-shape cable nets Square meshes that form rhomboids to assume an clas c curvature UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /revised roof Subdivide roof into a patchwork of separate but coupled smaller canopies Support at many points and mostly curved to suitably ght radii. Nets do not extend to the tops of medium height masts, instead hung from very tall masts Masts placed outside the roof or suspended above ground on cables keeping the areas below column-free Roo? ng for the main sports facili esUNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /experiments 1:125 scale models exactly proportional both in geometry and in elasticity to the envisaged full sized structures UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /structure Interior cables Peripheral cables Cable joints Steel masts Concrete underground founda on Acrylic panel cover UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /cables Interior cables//11. 7 mm mesh, 19 heavily galvanised 2. 3- and 3. 3mm steel wires A lay length of 10 x the la y diameter Main cables//? ve strands of 37 and 109 wires each Edge cables//vary in speci? a on, typical example ,lockedsurface wire rope of 81 millimetres diameter Twin cables with concentric joints assume square meshes forming rhomboids forming an clas c curves UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /joints Cables arranged in pairs 75Ãâ€"75 cm mesh,reduced number of joints Clamps+screw,one bolt per joint,easy construc on 75 cm mesh Saddle connec ons Swaged clamp connec on Erec on/The cable nets completely assembled on ground, li ed to ? nal posi ons. Prestressing/suspension cables were put in posi on, geometry and stresses cables and masts checked Connec on to anchor UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /mastsTension founda ons / anchor the main cables down to earth Inclined slot founda ons (tent pegs ),gravity anchor founda ons (anchoring from self weight),earth anchor founda ons (support the masts) Temporary steel balls provided under the rubber pads to allow rota on during assembly Cylindrical masts welded st eel tubes up to 80 metres long and with a 50mN (5000 ton) load capacity. Transparent roof covering/ 2. 9 x 2. 9-metre acrylic panels , 4mm thk Bolted to the intersec on nodes and angles of intersec on change every 6 degrees Temperature moulding, panels on neoprene pedestals, allowing them to ‘? at’, and sealing the joints with con nuous neoprene pro? le clamped to the panel edges Discon nuous joints allowing movement UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /cover UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /conclusions Form ? nding experiments/solu ons for large spans simultaneously gave birth to the science of compu ng . Final form depends on – shape of grid,spacing,pa ern -the geometry of the suppor ng structure – the pretension applied to the cable net and its suppor ng structure Advantages/E? cient way of using material Lightweight Large spans Quick construc on