Developing a relationship between student and teacher

In recent clip, there is more to learning than merely presenting course of study ; therefore Teachers are more concerned about how to develop a good acquisition environment. Teaching procedure is now focused on how to undertake issues such as the type of inquiries to be asked, who should reply them in Class, approximately when to acquire involved in treatments, when and how to promote and censure pupils and besides when to stir or decelerate down. These inquiries are assorted and the list could travel on and on. Teachers are besides cognizant of the differences in categories with each category developing its ain alone larning environment. Therefore when instructors teach two categories in the same twelvemonth degree with the same class, the category needs varies as a consequence of their differences A relationship exists between Students and Teacher as a consequence of the Learning environment. In given clip norms of behavior are established, both on the portion of the instructor every bit good as by the pupils, as values and outlooks on both sides become clear. A behavioral form consequences from this based on the cognition that pupils have of their instructor and frailty versa. Therefore ensuing in a acquisition environment which may either be a really encouraging one where pupils enjoy their work and experience respected or be detering if the work ethos and satisfactory relationships are absent. Harmonizing to a Research into schoolroom larning environments by Fraser1994, and Wubbels & A ; Levy, 1993 which is based upon pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of their acquisition environment it is established that pupils ‘ larning behaviors in category will be mostly determined by the manner in which they perceive their acquisition environment. This can be farther substantiated, by another survey carried out by Brekelmans, Wubbels & A ; Creton, 1990 which besides indicate that pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of their instructor ‘s interpersonal behavior accounted for more discrepancy in pupil results than did the debut of a new natural philosophies course of study. Besides, Brekelmans, Wubbels & A ; Levy, 1993 besides illustrated that pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of their instructor ‘s interpersonal behavior accounted for discrepancy of a full appraisal class.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKGoodrum, Hackling and Rennie ( 2000 ) structured the research towards specifying the â€Å" ideal † image of quality in scientific discipline instruction and acquisition, to happen out the â€Å" existent † pattern of what is go oning in schools, and in conclusion, to develop effectual recommendations to travel towards shuting the spread between the existent and ideal. This was achieved through a assorted method of informations aggregation which includes systematic reappraisal of educational research, scientific discipline course of study and studies ; group meetings of scientific discipline instructors ; random telephone study of instructors ; pupil ‘s studies and aggregation of informations from stakeholders. .IDEAL PICTUREThe ideal image cardinal footing is that scientific literacy is a high precedence for all human therefore enabling them to develop involvement and understanding the universe around them, besides leting them to prosecute in discourses of scientific discipline, to be doubting and inquiring of claims of others on scientific related affairs in order to be able to place inquiries and give decisions based on grounds, and besides to transport out determinations about the environment and their ain good being and wellness. The ideal and existent image is therefore described by Goodrum, Hackling and Rennie ( 2000 ) in the undermentioned subjects: â€Å" ( 1 ) The scientific discipline course of study is relevant to the demands, concerns and personal experiences of pupils. ( 2 ) Teaching and acquisition of scientific discipline is centred on enquiry. Students investigate, concept and trial thoughts and accounts about the natural universe. ( 3 Assessment serves the intent of acquisition and is consistent with and complementary to good instruction. ( 4 ) The teaching-learning environment is characterized by enjoyment, fulfillment, ownership of and battle in acquisition, and common regard between the instructor and pupils. ( 5 ) Teachers are life-long scholars who are supported, nurtured and resourced to Construct the apprehensions and competences required of modern-day best Practice. ( 6 ) Teachers of scientific discipline have a recognized calling way based on sound professional criterions endorsed by the profession. ( 7 ) Excellent installations, equipment and resources support instruction and acquisition. ( 8 ) Class sizes make it possible to use a scope of learning schemes and supply Opportunities for the instructor to acquire to cognize each kid as a scholar and give Feedback to persons. ( 9 ) Science and scientific discipline instruction are valued by the community, have high precedence the school course of study, and scientific discipline instruction is perceived as exciting and valuable, Lending significantly to the development of individuals and to the economic and societal wellbeing of the state † .Actual PictureThe existent image of scientific discipline instruction and larning seem to be a really dissatisfactory one and besides of great variableness. Goodrum, Hackling and Rennie ( 2000 ) , explained that course of study statements by and large â€Å" supply a model for a scientific discipline course of study focused on developing scientific literacy and assisting pupils progress toward accomplishing the stated results, the existent course of study implemented in most schools is different from the intended course of study † . In their research it is observed that in some instances some primary schools do non learn scientific discipline at all hence, pupils lack the scientific background and where taught on a regular footing, all activities are centred towards the pupil, resulting a high degree of pupil satisfaction hence making a room to encompass scientific discipline. Many of the pupils on acquiring to the high school feel greatly defeated, because the scientific discipline they were taught is neither important nor appealing and does non look relevant with their involvements and experiences. The new acquisition environment characterized with the Traditional chalk-and-talk Teaching procedure, note copying and practical lessons which the pupils are now sing gives small challenge and no room for exhilaration. A high figure of scientific discipline instructors feel undervalued, with no equal resource and overloaded with non learning responsibilities. As the instruction systems is invariably altering in response to the alteration in society demands, â€Å" many of the instructors lack resources and professional development support needed for this clip of alteration to be a period of personal growing, instead it becomes a clip of emphasis and feeling of insufficiency † . It is hence as a consequence of this that up to half of instructors of scientific discipline degree Celsius ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aare.edu.au/98pap/fis98269.htmonsider alteration in calling.LITERATURE REVIEW.Goodrum, Hackling and Rennie ( 2000 ) carried out a research literature on course of study paperss and studies refering scientific discipline instruction in schools followed by synthesis of research about the instruction and acquisition of scientific discipline. Foregrounding the importance of scien tific literacy as a general intent for scientific instruction for all pupils and besides taking a place that good instruction provides the experiences and supportive environment that encourages scientific discipline acquisition.Meaning AND IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERACY.Science is an component of the human hunt for understanding and wisdom, therefore reflecting human wonder about the universe. Obtaining an penetration to what scientific literacy is, will guarantee that we acknowledge its importance as it is cardinal to quality instruction and acquisition in scientific discipline. Scientific literacy is defined clearly in the National Science Education Standards ( NSES ) [ NRC, 1996 ] . Briefly, it is â€Å" the cognition and apprehension of scientific constructs and procedures required for personal determination devising, engagement in civic and cultural personal businesss, and economic productiveness † ( p.22 ) . . Scientific literacy has many aspects, from leting a individual to inquire, happen, or determine replies to inquiries derived from wonder about mundane experiences.- the ability of a individual to depict, explicate, and predict natural phenomenon.Therefore leting Persons to expose their scientific literacy in different ways, such as utilizing proficient footings in the appropriate ways, or in scientific constructs applications and procedures. Besides making the avenue for persons to frequently hold differences in literacy in different spheres, such as more understanding of life-science constructs and words, and less understanding of physical-science constructs and words. Scientific literacy has diverse signifiers and grades which lasts over a life-time, it widens and deepens, and non limited to old ages in school. But It hence follow on the attitudes and values that has been established toward scientific discipline during the early old ages and so determine a individual ‘s growing of scientific literacy as an grownup. Layton et Al. ( 1994 ) grouped scientific discipline and engineering together, uncovering the manner that the two are normally spoken or written about in analysis of scientific literacy. The nexus between scientific discipline and engineering is debatable, this explains the ground they are separated in some school course of study or placed together at different instruction degree in the National Curriculum. While some facets of engineering, and its definition when perceived in footings of doing or planing, might be distinguished from scientific discipline, there lies the fact that scientific discipline can non be split up from engineering and up to this clip will stay important to the universe of pupils and the wider human race. Jenkins ( 1992 ) makes a instance that scientific discipline has changed in the terminal parts of the twentieth century therefore, going more commercialised and industrialised and more integrated with engineering. He besides stated that the hereafter citizens pupils â€Å" should cognize something of the great rational accomplishments of scienceaˆÂ ¦their lives will be affected more straight, personally and, sometimes, adversely, by the ways in which scientific cognition is deployed through arrange of engineerings runing from medical specialty, conveyance and communicating to employment, design and fabrication † . Harmonizing to Jenkins, it is arguable â€Å" that the scientific discipline to be taught in schools should be relocated within these contexts, instead than, as at nowadays, be concerned with the grammar and sentence structure of the scientific subjects † .Teaching and Learning in ScienceA societal constructivist position is the prevailing position of lar ning in scientific discipline. Driver, Asoko, Leach, Mortimer, & A ; Scott, 1994 wrote that basically this means † that scholars construct their ain cognition and apprehensions based on what they already know and the socio-cultural context in which they find themselves † . Learning is an effectual process in which scholars adopt doing sense of their understanding about the universe. However this is required of everyone so as to be able to work in the universe around them. Learning either in scientific discipline schoolrooms or any environment, from any beginning occurs in similar ways. Learners build cognition and thoughts in scientific discipline which logical to them by associating the new information acquired to their bing conceptual models. Significantly, the extra information is integrated into bing mental model in ways that are meaningful to the scholar. Therefore, scholars ‘ old cognition and experiences are of import in placing what their new cognition and apprehension will be like. Accountability of how pupils learn can be measured through effectual instruction. In another sense, good instructors know a great trade more than the capable affair they teach. Darling Hammond ( 1997 ) points out that Research confirms that instructor cognition of capable affair, pupil acquisition and development, and learning methods are all of import elements of instructor effectivity. The recent reappraisals of more than two 100 surveies contradict the long clip established myths which indicates that anyone can take up learning and that so called instructors are born and non made. Because scholars and contexts differ, there is no individual best attack for instruction of scientific discipline. Alternatively, in accomplishing effectual acquisition in scientific discipline assorted attacks are needed, to do a peculiar facet of scientific discipline available to each peculiar group of scholars. Clearly, significant contemplation and apprehension is indispensable on the portion of the scientific discipline teacher although this requires clip and experience but its ownership should non be undervalued. Shulman ( 1986 ) explained pedagogical content cognition to be a quality which involves careful planning in mixing the cognition of the topic and cognition of the scholar. Lemke 1990 demonstrated that Teachers must further the usage and development of linguistic communication accomplishments in scientific discipline as it is a topic which require the usage of linguistic communication in peculiar ways when depicting scientific constructs. For illustration, Words such as energy and work have specific significances in scientific discipline that are reasonably different to mundane significances. .Student besides need to be capable of utilizing appropriate linguistic communication in conveying and clear uping their thought and to pass on their apprehension of scientific discipline constructs in a scope of signifiers, including diagrams, tabular arraies, words, graphs and symbols.RESEARCH APPROACH /METHODOLOGY.David, Rawnsley, Darrell Fisher ( 1998 ) carried out an fact-finding research appraising a sample of 490 pupils in 23 Year 9 mathematics categories in Adelaide, South Australia. Year 9 pupils were chosen in this study sing that they are of the age wher e the instructor plays a important function in their schoolroom. During the twelvemonth 8, which is the first twelvemonth of the secondary school, there is a edifice block of newness and freshness about schooling, whilst in senior old ages pupils frequently have a motivational factor about their future employment or third survey. Besides, Year 9 by and large contains common mathematics across the twelvemonth group, which eliminates the divisions of concern and applied mathematics present in some Year 10 cohorts. Year 9 besides is known to be a complex twelvemonth for pupils and as a consequence one where the instructor has an cardinal function in the initiation of an proper schoolroom larning environment. Two instruments were used to obtain the information from pupils ; 1: A alteration of What is Happening in this Classroom? ( WHIC ) was used to find the perceptual experiences of pupils about their schoolroom acquisition environment. 2: . The Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction ( QTI ) was used to find pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of their instructor ‘s interpersonal behavior in the schoolroom. Choices of pupils besides were interviewed to supply qualitative informations to assist explicate and magnify the findings of the instruments. The version of the WHIC instrument used in this survey has been late developed for mensurating pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of their schoolroom acquisition environment. The instrument which was developed in two signifiers consist of a Personal signifier and a Class signifier, both of which are indistinguishable but the accent in the Personal signifier is based on pupil ‘s perceptual experiences of his or her personal interaction with the schoolroom environment while, on the Class signifier each point focuses on pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of the category ‘s interactions with the schoolroom environment The instrument contains 64 statements, mensurating pupils ‘ perceptual experiences based on eight graduated tables. These 8 graduated tables step pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of the sum of ( 1 ) Student Cohesion, ( 2 ) Teacher Support, ( 3 ) Involvement/Negotiation ( 4 ) , Investigation, ( 5 ) Cooperation, ( 6 ) Undertaking Orientation, ( 7 ) Equity, and ( 8 ) Emphasis on Understanding in the schoolroom. Below are two given illustrations of the statements on the ( 1 ) personal and category signifiers and ( 2 ) Teacher support ( one of the eight graduated tables of measuring ) On the Personal signifier the first two points are, â€Å" I make friendly relationships among pupils in this category † and â€Å" I get to cognize other pupils in this category well † . These points have a personal focal point. The same points in the Class signifier have a category focal point: â€Å" Friendships are made among pupils in this category † ; and â€Å" Students in this category get to cognize each other good † . The instrument has been shown to be dependable, with acceptable discriminate cogency and to satisfactorily discriminate between categories. An illustration of the statements in the instrument based on instructor support that the pupils were asked to reply was ( a ) †The instructor takes a personal involvement in pupils † , and ( B ) â€Å" The instructor considers pupils ‘ feelings † . Given the undermentioned option for them to take ‘Almost Never Happens ‘ , ‘Seldom Happens ‘ , †˜Sometimes Happens ‘ , ‘Often Happens ‘ or ‘Almost Always Happens ‘ to find the state of affairs traveling on in the schoolrooms. After which Students ‘ perceptual experiences of their schoolroom acquisition environments are so profiled harmonizing to the category point average mark for each graduated table The 2nd instrument used in the study was the Questionnaire on Interaction ( QTI Teacher ) . This is a 48-item instrument which measures pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of their instructor ‘s interpersonal behavior in the schoolroom. It is based on the Leary ( 1957 ) theoretical account of interpersonal behavior and measures pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of the grade of dominance/submission and cooperation/opposition in the instructor ‘s behavior in the schoolroom. Brekelmans, Wubbels & A ; Creton, 1990 attest to Its dependability and cogency and it has been good documented for surveies in The Netherlands. Interpersonal behavior by the instructor scores extremely on the Leadership graduated table and this is chiefly the dominant behavior in the schoolroom. Wubbles, Creton, Levy & A ; Hooymayers,1993 explained that with a 2nd feature of cooperation, that such instructor will â€Å" detect what ‘s go oning, lead, organize, set undertakings, determine processs, construction the schoolroom state of affairs, explicate, keep attending † . . Table below shows the primary and secondary features and sample points from each of the eight dimensions of the QTI. When the category is surveyed, the category point mean for each dimension can so be mapped to demo the profile of pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of their instructor ‘s interpersonal behavior in the schoolroom.ConsequenceAssociations Between Student Perceptions of their Classroom Learning Environment, Using the WHIC, and Student Outcomes can be grouped into two a ) Attitudinal results and B ) Cognitive resultsAttitudinal result ; The consequence obtained showed that there is high correlativity between the represented behavior in the graduated tables of the WHIC and pupils ‘ attitude towards their acquisition of mathematics. The consequence is both clear on the Personal and Class signifiers. In larning mathematics a more encouraging consequence were established in categories where pupils see coherence among themselves and just intervention, and where f act-finding work was carried out by pupils, and obtained a clear way of their undertaking. The surveies besides show that pupils appreciate a small sum of competition instead than stressing cooperation. Hattie, Byrne & A ; Fraser ( 1987 ) found that pupils were more ready to clash and fight, and more marked in male pupils. Cognitive results in footings of simple correlativity and standardised Regression coefficients ; the graduated table of Investigation was negatively correlated with pupils ‘ cognitive results. This suggests that pupils who have the highest cognitive results see that they are involved in less fact-finding work in their mathematics categories. On the other manus, those pupils who observe they are involved in more fact-finding behavior scored lower on the cognitive trials. The QTI examines the interpersonal behavior between instructors and pupils, as perceived by pupils. The graduated tables of Leadership, Helping/Friendly, Understanding and Student Responsibility/Freedom each had positive correlativities with pupils ‘ attitudes towards the mathematics category. Conversely the staying four graduated tables of Uncertain, Dissatisfied, Admonishing and Strict interpersonal behavior each had negative correlativity It was discovered that a more positive attitudes was developed in categories where the instructor was perceived to be just, extremely supportive, stressing strongly on pupils ‘ understanding the work, were involved in probes, showed leading, helping-friendly behavior and lesser admonition of pupils. Students displayed the highest cognitive additions in categories where pupils discovered that the instructor emphasised understanding the work. The lowest cognitive additions was seen in categories where pupils perceived that the instructor was dissatisfied, gave excessively much freedom to them and duty, and where they were involved in probes. David, Rawnsley, Darrell and Fisher ( 1998 ) reported that † In categories where pupils view their instructor as largely demoing high degrees of Leadership, Helping/Friendly, and Understanding behavior, and give high degrees of Student Responsibility and Freedom, pupils have much healthier attitudes towards their category and bask their lessons more than in categories when the other side of instructor behavior is common. Where instructors show high degrees of Strict, Admonishing, Dissatisfied and Uncertain behavior, pupils do non bask their categories as much and develop more negative attitudes towards the topic. Consequently, the usage of the QTI in this survey, showed a strong correlativity between pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of their instructor ‘s interpersonal behavior and their attitudes towards the mathematics category. .This survey confirms the importance of interpersonal behavior which shows strong leading, coupled with helpful, friendly and understanding behavior.RECOMMENDATION.It is by and large acceptable that scientific literacy is a high precedence for all, assisting them to be interested in, and besides understand the universe around them, to prosecute in the discourses of and about scientific discipline, to be doubting and inquiring of claims made by others about scientific affairs, to be able to place inquiries and pull grounds based decisions, and to do informed determinations about the environment and their ain wellness and wellbeing. Osborne and Collins ‘ ( 2000 ) averment that a critical constituent of any scientific discipline class is to let geographic expedition of facets of modern-day scienceaˆÂ ¦such an component is indispensable to supplying a linking yarn between school scientific discipline and the â€Å" existent † universe of grownups, induing the topic with a relevancy that no other mechanism can. Whilst students will accept a course of study diet which consists mostly of the standard wisdom of uncontested and pre established cognition, modern-day scientific discipline offers a glance into the universe of here and now, non the universe of past. This is a universe of science-in-the-making, of future possibility and uncertainness where their positions can Get down.Teacher alteration is the footing of educational invention, reform and betterment. The research findings presented in this study emphasize repeatedly that the most of import factor in bettering acquisition is the instructor. Attempts to shut the spread must concentrate on assisting instructors recognize the spread between pupils ‘ existent demands in scientific discipline and what is offered in the existent course of study. Changes to instructors ‘ professional pattern involve important displacements in beliefs and professional Knowledge, and accordingly, take considerable clip, resources and attempt. A teaching manner that emphasizes an inquiry-oriented, student-centred, outcomes-focused attack requires more refined learning accomplishments than those associated with traditional didactic methods. Teachers working entirely in their schoolroom can do little stairss towards alteration. Teachers working jointly can do larger paces. Schools join forcesing make a greater impact still. But choice scientific discipline instruction course of study and professional development resources are really expensive and necessitate the really best expertness to develop. Collaborative ventures that pool the fiscal and human resources from a figure of legal powers have the possible to bring forth the world-class stuffs that are required for a modern-day, relevant and prosecuting scientific discipline instruction for all pupils.DecisionThe intent of school scientific discipline is to better scientific literacy of pupils. Scientifically literate individuals are interested in developing an apprehension of the universe around them, are doubting and inquiring of claims made by others about scientific affairs, take part in the discourses of and about scientific discipline, place inquiries and pull evidence-based decisions, and do informed determinations about the environment and their ain wellness and wellbeing. Educational legal powers have developed modern and progressive course of study Structure for school scientific discipline but despite this actions, there is a important spread between the † ideal † or intended course of study and the â€Å" existent † or implemented course of study. There is a high incompatibility between schools in the quality of scientific discipline instruction. Goodrum, Hackling and Rennie ( 2000 ) research indicates that In primary schools, where scientific discipline is taught, † it is by and large student-centred, activity-based and stimulates the wonder of pupils. In the compulsory old ages of secondary schooling, most pupils find scientific discipline unrelated to their involvements or concerns, and in many schools scientific discipline does non develop the acquisition outcomes that contribute to scientific literacy † . The set of carefully expressed recommendations given in their study provides the schemes that can be used in bettering the instruction and acquisition of scientific discipline in schools. This nevertheless enhances the consciousness of all stakeholders of the nature and importance of scientific literacy as the first measure. This is so followed by constructing the expertness of the instruction profession through improved resourcing of initial instructor instruction, motives to intrigue and keep our best immature people in scientific discipline instruction, and provides improved support for come oning professional growing of practising instructors within a construction of professional criterions. Qualified and experient instructors need greater course of study stuffs, comfortss and equipment if they are to set into consequence a quality scientific discipline plan. In the present clip, the quality of scientific discipline instruction and acquisition is restricted by attacks to assessment which are non focused on results that promotes scientific literacy or on the agreement of feedback to instructors and scholars so that learning and larning can be enhanced. A deficiency of national focal point, coaction and pooling of resources across legal powers presently limits the quality of the course of study and professional development resources that are being developed.

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Professional Organizational Communication Vision Statement - Essay Example Belasen (2000) observes that whereas organizations should have a form of leadership to steer them towards achievement of their goals, this leadership could not necessarily be that obvious in some organizations. With an organization focused on attaining a specific goal, coordination plays a critical role. As such, communication forms the basis of the successful existence of an organization. Therefore, more and more organizations appreciate the importance of communication, especially where production process depend largely on teamwork and collaboration among workers from different functional groups (Belasen, 2000; King, 2009). The change in communication technologies has resulted in transformation of both organizational and work structures, making communication technologies and practices important in organizations. Figure 1 graphically portrays our organizational communication concept. Message would originate from the sender and channeled through the appropriate channel to the recipient, with various factors interfering with the communication, referred to as noise in the graphical representation. Communication is a complex and multifaceted concept in any organization. From the graphical representation of our organization’s communication concept, it would be appreciated that other than the sender and receiver of the message, the environment, the source of noise, also plays a role together with the channels. This appreciates the role of social context and structure of an organization with regards to how it influences communication. According to Downs and Adrian (2004), communication should be considered as a continuous and dynamic process. Furthermore, having analyzed various literature sources, these scholars appreciate communication as a process. This idea of process indicates the interaction of various components whose outcomes would be determined by unspecific consequences. Moreover, Hatala

Commercial Banks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Commercial Banks - Research Paper Example The bank is regulated and authorized to run its operations by the Financial Services Authority. The employees adhere to rules and principles that are stipulated under the Banking Act. The bank is listed in the London, New York and Tokyo Stock Exchanges .Its headquarters are based at One Churchlike place in the Canary Wharf in the London's Docklands. It has several branches in Europe, America, Africa and Asia. The institution has been involved in corporate social responsibilities such as the campaign program known as the Prince Rainforest Project (PRP).The programs is aimed at creating awareness of company's products to the community and the society at large. The campaign involves building of the online community program to stop deforestation activities from taking place. It is a financial institution that offers financial services to the customers in the market. It is considered to be main market in United Kingdom. The services that are offered by the bank include; wealth management, retail banking, insurance, investment, wholesale and international banking services for its customers. It has a well established network in United Kingdom that helps in leveraging so as to be in a position to gain from more selling opportunities that are in the market (Lloyds TSB Group plc 2009). It consists of telephone services that are... It also has a very large cash machine network that aids it undertaking its tasks in the right way. The management of the company purchased several banks such as Governors House Apartment of the park Lane properties. The park Lane Properties was co-owed by a Kuwait-based ADDEEM Investment company and the Investment Bar. The reason for purchasing the property was to ease the process of accessing very vital information and to undertake analysis of the company's reports so as to be in a better position to understand the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It has an agricultural account that helps its clients in offering personnal, local and support services that are aimed at meeting the needs of the customers in the right way. The account also assists the customers in enabling them to access electronic mail services as well as telephone services in an effective manner. Marketing share of Barclays PLC The share prices of this company were actually had fallen by 40% as at 10th May 2009.This resulted from investors lack of confidence in the company's products ,therefore people purchased their products . Barclays bank Share prices 2008 2007 2006 Basic earnings per share 59.3 68.9 71.9 Diluted earnings per share 57.5 66.7 69.8 Marketing share of Lloyds TSB The shares of this company were been bought and sold in the international markets and United Kingdom through using the online and phone forms of communications. The demand for shares also declined due to financial problems that were facing the country. The earnings of the company were to be distributed to the shareholders in form of dividend which

Community College Essay Example for Free

Community College Essay An analysis of the public school system reveals one challenge facing community colleges and universities: Rising costs are putting pressure on enrollment or forced schools to limit the number of courses they can offer. Every year the result has been a dramatic drop in the number of students the system can afford to teach. Most colleges have also reduced the size of their staff, and provided fewer student services. Without staff, these young people fail to understand why they are unable to get an education or even graduate from a college or university. The best way to help students avoid budget cuts is Proposition 30, which will not only prevent a possible $6 billion in cuts to public schools and colleges, but it will also provide billions of dollars in public funding that schools at all levels desperately need. Taking this into account, this essay considers the pros and cons of proposition 30, particularly in the form of increasing the personal income tax of higher earning Californians by 1 to 3 percent for seven years. The students who go to a college or university right after high school would benefit immensely from proposition 30. These community college students may find it easier to get classes now that voters have approved a tax measure to help fund public education. Proposition 30 is aimed at sparing college students another round of tuition increases that will prevent them from getting classes. Californias community college system will restore thousands of classes, which means putting an ease on a huge backlog of students unable to complete their degrees. Proposition 30 will make a difference this year by providing community colleges with $210 million in additional funds in 2012-2013 by adding approximately 3,300 classes to the spring 2013 semester. The passage of Proposition 30 means more classes for community college students. â€Å"The passage of Proposition 30 not only saved us from cuts totaling $8.6 million, but provided $1 million in new money for Mt. SAC to add 130 course sections for the spring semester,† said Mt. SAC President Bill Scroggins in a news release (Johnson, 2013). This will help students achieve their goals of continuing their education. Students who choose to go to a university would also benefit from proposition 30 because it would prevent them from having classes cut and being put on a waiting list to get into a class. These students will go from having no or minimal classes to about 200 more classes this spring. Without proposition 30, many of these young people face larger class sizes, tuition hikes, more teacher lay-offs, and will lose over half a billion in funding. Many young people did not understand the consequences if prop 30 did not pass and that the money from prop 30 will go directly to schools and public safety services. Prop 30 prevents deep school cuts, puts more cops on the streets, and helps balance the budget by raising income taxes for the wealthiest Californians. Proposition 30 was placed on the ballot by Governor Jerry Brown and supporters of the proposition include the California Teachers Association. Another group to consider is young people who wish to graduate and continue on to graduate school. Proposition 30 is a critical step in addressing the continual budget crisis that continues to affect many undergraduate and graduate students wishing to continue their education. Many recent undergraduate students end up without any classes to help keep them in the public school system in order to be able to register for the next quarter or semester. For these people proposition 30 is especially important because it will help them be able to continue their education and to graduate with their Master’s degree in whatever major they decide to pursue. If the budget had not passed the cuts would target public schools, community colleges, and universities. The University of California would have seen tuition increase by 20%. Many students cannot afford fee increases year after year. This is causing student loan debt to rise continuously, which is not fair to young people at the start of our adult lives. One argument against proposition 30 is that it does not guarantee one penny of new funding for public schools. Another argument is that California is already a very high tax state and we have the 2nd highest income tax rate, as well as the highest state sales tax rate. If Proposition 30 is approved, California will be by far #1 in income tax rates. There are some people who generally support tax increases in California. The Wall Street Journal stated, â€Å"That California Governor Jerry Brown is trying to sell his tax hike to voters this November by saying it will go to schools. The dirty little secret is that the new revenues are needed to backfill the insolvent teacher’s pension fund.† (FOX, 2012). The people who are opposing Proposition 30 do not fully understand what the measure entails and what benefits it will bring to our California public schools. In conclusion the best way to help students avoid budget cuts is Proposition 30, which will not only prevent a possible $6 billion in cuts to public schools and colleges, but it will also provide billions of dollars in public funding that schools at all levels desperately need. The students who go to a college or university right after high school would benefit immensely from proposition 30. Students who choose to go to a university would also benefit from proposition 30 because it would prevent them from having classes cut and being put on a waiting list to get into a class. Another group to consider is young people who wish to graduate and continue on to graduate school. Proposition 30 helps a big minority of people and this is something us students and teachers should vote on. References FOX, J. (2012). California general election. Retrieved from http://voterguide.sos.ca.gov/propositions/30/arguments-rebuttals.htm Johnson, M. C. (2013). Diamond bar walnut patch. Retrieved from http://diamondbar-walnut.patch.com/articles/prop-30-means-more-classes-for-mt-sac-students

Chemicals Together in an Effort to be Greener Essay Example for Free

Chemicals Together in an Effort to be Greener Essay Alhamdulillah, first of all, I would like to thank Allah as I could finish my chemistry assignment with the title of Chemistry in your daily life. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those that help me, contribute their suggestion and opinion in doing this assignment from the beginning until finish because, without their help, I might have little problem in this research. Even though a few problems occurred when doing the assignment but luckily it can be settled down. With a lot of effort, finally, this task can be sent to our lecturer before the submission date as well. Furthermore, a special thanks to my lecturer chemistry, Dr. Musfiroh bt Jani that deliver this assignment and explain clearly how to do this assignment with the concept of chemistry and how to applied it in daily life to make sure we can score chemistry and understand the true meaning of chemistry. We can do this without her as she guides and fix our mistakes from starting of this assignment and want to improve the new one so this assignment can be completely finished and get a better result. Next, big thanks go to other Chemistry lecturers that teach me and guide me as long as I was a student and will make sure I can understand properly what is chemistry, why we need to learn chemistry and the important thing is we learn this to understand the knowledge to apply in real life, not because the exam. They also teach me how to produce a good assignment and report. Moreover, many thanks to my parents that support me from for with their contribution especially by providing money to me as I need to find references and they also help me in give an idea to make sure I can finish my assignment. Last but not least, thanks to my friends that always support and stick with me when hard and happy in this life and for those who are directly and indirectly support and help me with the assignment. Have you ever wondered why ice melts a water evaporates? Why do leaves turn colors in the fall, and how does a battery generate electricity? Why does keeping foods cold slow their spoilage, and how do our bodies use food to maintain life? There are a lot of nature and phenomena life that happens around us that involved chemistry. Have you wondered what is chemistry? And what chemistry can do in our life? How chemistry can be important and relates to our life? All the question can be answered in Chemistry as chemistry provides really important understanding and how it can be applying in our daily life as a human. That is the reason why we need to study chemistry. By studying chemistry, we can learn to use powerful language and ideas to describe what happened because chemistry is universal science that covered all the process around us include matter and also the process of humans. Chemistry? What crossed in your mine about chemistry? Either about chemistry with friends, chemistry in doing the same things, chemistry in a relationship for couples or anything else. Yes, that’s all true but in science actually, chemistry is a study of matter, properties, and its behavior. Chemistry also provides an understanding background of matter which it can be divided by atoms, molecules, gas. Atoms are smallest particles of elements that exist surrounding us. It is made of three tiny particles that called subatomic particles which is protons, neutrons, and electrons. The center of the atom, called nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. Every single thing in this world is made up of matter include our bodies. Chemistry is relating to everything in life and it is a large branch that needed by everyone. Not only doctor, but the dentist, pharmacist, nurse, geologist, and others need chemistry too. Chemistry can be divided into five main branches which are very wide in the application of life. The first is analytical chemistry which discusses uses qualitative and quantitative observation to identify and measure the physical and chemical properties of substances. In fact, all chemistry is analytical chemistry. Secondly is physical chemistry. As we know, physical chemistry is discussed physics combine with chemistry. Its about how matter can interact with energy. The important things in this topics are thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. The third branch of chemistry is organic chemistry which studies in compounds that contains carbon element. Carbon has many unique properties that allow it to form complex chemical bonds and very large molecules. Inorganic chemistry studies a materials such gases and metals that do not contain carbon as part of their make up. Last but not least is biochemistry is study of chemical processes that occur between organisms. Try to imagine the world without chemistry.

Waves of Mergers and Acquisitions

Waves of Mergers and Acquisitions Introduction Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) have always assisted in nursing corporate health and growth pattern of developing and developed countries just taking out sickness in industries, the concept of mergers and acquisitions have played a truly crucial and pivotal role in shaping the business and have been part of international business in recent times. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) have always been an interesting area to study. As we know all our daily newspapers are filled with cases of mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs, tender offers, other forms of corporate restructuring. It have been stated that mergers and acquisitions account consist of 78% of all foreign direct investment, with 97% of that being acquisitions. Van Marrewijk (2006, pg 294) The year 2007 had undoubtedly been landmark of the year for Indian corporate buisness with respect to recession taking toll of many Indian business. With passage of time ,the Tata announced the acquisition Corus , a US$ 12.2 billion deal . India industries has not looked back since. The continued growth in the Indian economy and investment and operating climate has resulted in improved health and growth appetite for Indian compines. What are Mergers and Acquisitions? Mergers and acquisitions are arguably the most popular and influential form of discretionary business investment (De Witt Meyer, 1998).In simple terms merger is the combination of the assets and liabilities of two companies, mainly of similar size, into one business entity. The term acquisition is used when the assets and liabilities of a smaller company is purchased by a larger one by paying shares, cash or other assets to the target companys shareholders. When there is a merger between two similar sized firms, the shares are exchanged and one firm issues new stock to the other in an agreed ratio. The value of two firms before and after a merger is the same when you exclude the synergies resulting from it, considering that the valuation of the shares and the exchange ratio has been correctly formulated. Target firms shareholders are normally paid a premium, which means that the exchange rate is skewed. Merger Waves in the 19th, 20th and 21st Centuries, Martin Lipton, York University September 14, 2006 Overview of MA Waves A merger wave is an intense period of merger activity in a particular sector or industry and last from a short period to a long time partly depending on the performance of the market and the participating companies. In his paper released on September 14, 2006 Merger Waves in the 19th, 20th and 21st Centuries, Martin Lipton of York University talk about merger waves Economists and historians refer to five waves of mergers in the U.S. starting in the 1890s. As I said, I believe a sixth wave started three years ago. The starting date and duration of each of these waves are not specific, although the ending dates for those that ended in wars or financial disasters, like the 1929 crash or the bursting of the Millennium Bubble, are more definite. Indeed, it could be argued that mergers are an integral part of market capitalism and we have had a continuous wave of merger activity that has ebbed and flowed since the evolution of the industrial economy in the latter part of the 19th Century, with interruptions when fundamental forces turned exogenous merger factors negative. The merger activity needs to show a pattern in which the peak year had a greater than 100 percent increase from the first year followed by a decline in acquisition activity of greater than 50 percent from the peak year to qualify as a wave. In some industries the waves were as long as six years. Lets us see the five merger waves below: First Period 1893 to 1904 Merger for Monoploy- This was the time of the major horizontal mergers creating the principal steel, telephone, oil, mining, railroad and other giants of the basic manufacturing and transportation industries in the U.S. The Panics of 1904 and 1907, a U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1904 making the recently enacted antitrust laws applicable to horizontal mergers, and then the First World War are pointed to as the causes of the end of the first wave, which some view as continuing beyond 1904. Second Period 1919 to 1929 Merger for Oligopoly- This period saw further consolidation in the industries that were the subject of the first wave and a very significant increase in vertical integration. The major automobile manufacturers emerged in this period. Ford, for example, was integrated from the finished car back through steel mills, railroads and ore boats to the iron and coal mines. The 1929 Crash and the Great Depression ended this wave. Third Period- 1955 to 1969-73 Conglomerate merger- This was the period in which the conglomerate concept took hold of American management. Major conglomerates like ITT (Harold Geneen), LTV (Jimmy Ling), Teledyne (Henry Singleton) and Litton (Tex Thornton) were created. Messrs. Geneen, Ling, Singleton and Thornton were viewed as visionaries and heroes of the new concept of business organization. Many major established companies accepted the concept and diversified into new industries and areas. The conglomerate stocks crashed in 1969-70 and the diversified companies never achieved the benefits thought to be derived from diversification. Fourth Period 1974-80 to 1989 The Megamerger- Generally referred to as the merger wave, or takeover wave, of the 1980s and frequently said to be the period from 1984 to 1989. However, its antecedents reach back to 1974 when the first major-company hostile bid was made by Morgan Stanley on behalf of Inco (the same Inco that has been involved in the four-way takeover struggle that has now ended with its takeover by Vale) seeking to take over ESB. This successful hostile bid opened the door for the major investment banks to make hostile takeover bids on behalf of raiders. In addition to hostile bids, this period was noted for junk bond financing and steadily increasing volume and size of LBOs. In Europe in the latter half of the 1980s companies sought to prepare for the Common Market through cross-border horizontal mergers. In the U.S. this was the period that saw corporate raiders like Boone Pickens run rampant with two-tier, front-end-loaded, boot-strap, bust-up, junk-bond, hostile t ender offers until the playing field was leveled by the poison pill in the mid-1980s. However, even after the poison pill, merger activity increased through the latter part of the 1980s, pausing for only a few months after the October 1987 stock market crash. It ended in 1989-90 with the $25 billion RJR Nabisco LBO and the collapse of the junk bond market, along with the collapse of the savings and loan banks and the serious loan portfolio and capital problems of the commercial banks. Fifth Period 1993 to 2000 Strategic Restructuring This was the era of the mega-deal. It ended with the bursting of the Millennium Bubble and the great scandals, like Enron, which gave rise to the revolution in corporate governance that is continuing today. During the fifth wave companies of unprecedented size and global sweep were created on the assumption that size matters, a belief bolstered by market leaders premium stock-market valuations. High stock prices simultaneously emboldened companies and pressured them to do deals to maintain heady trading multiples. A global view of competition, in which companies often find that they must be big to compete, and a relatively restrained antitrust environment led to once-unthinkable combinations, such as the mergers of Citibank and Travelers, Chrysler and Daimler Benz, Exxon and Mobil, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas, AOL and Time Warner, and Vodafone and Mannesmann. From a modest $342 billion of deals in 1992, the worldwide volume of merg ers marched steadily upward to $3.3 trillion worldwide in 2000. Nine of the ten largest deals in history all took place in the three-year period 1998-2000, with the tenth in 2006. Most of the 1990s deals were strategic negotiated deals and a major part were stock deals. The buzzwords for opening of merger discussions were, would you be interested in discussing a merger of equals. While few if any deals are true mergers of equals, the sobriquet goes a long way to soothe the egos of the management of the acquired company. The year 2000 started with the announcement of the record-setting $165 billion merger of Time Warner and AOL. However, after a five-year burst of telecommunications, media and technology (TMT) mergers, there was a dramatic slowdown in the TMT sector, as well as in all mergers. It started with the collapse of the Internet stocks at the end of the first quarter followed by the earnings and financing problems of the telecoms. While merger activity in 2000 exceeded 1999 by a small amount by the end of the year, the bubble had burst. The NASDAQ was down more than 50% from its high, many TMT stocks were down more than 50% (some as much as 98%), the junk bond market was almost nonexistent, banks tightened their lending standards and merger announcements were not well received in the equity markets. So ended the fifth wave, with merger activity in 2001 half of what it was in 2000. To my surprise (and I think to the surprise of most) the sixth wave started just three years later. The sixth period of merger wave is what Lipton believes started in 2003. Sixth Period: From a low of $1.2 trillion in 2002 the pace of merger activity has increased to what appears will be a total of $3.4 trillion by the end of 2006. Among the principal factors are globalization, encouragement by the governments of some countries (for example, France, Italy and Russia) to create strong national or global champions, the rise in commodity prices, the availability of low-interest financing, hedge fund and other shareholder activism and the tremendous growth of private equity funds with a concomitant increase in management-led buyouts. CROSS BORDER MERGERS ACQUISITIONS GLOBAL SENARIO Globalisation is a key feature of the new competitive landscape within which the mergers and acquisitions frenzy is taking place. . Globalization has spurred an unprecedented surge in cross-border merger and acquisition activity. (Child J.et al, 2001). Cross border MAs have become a fundamental characteristic of the global business landscape. Cross-border MAs are one mode of entry for foreign direct investors to host economies. The ownership advantage,location advantage and internalization advantage, factors such as the search for market power, efficiency gains through synergies, size, diversification, and financial motivations affect the decision of firms to undertake cross-border MAs. Organizations which aspire to expand across geographies are funding their cross-border acquisitions through a mix of local and foreign financing. According to World Bank statistics, new capital raised through corporate securities offerings and loans from international bank syndicates totalled US $400 billion in 2006, a threefold increase from 2003. Multi-national companies based in developing countries made more than 700 cross-border MA purchases in 2006, up from just 11 such deals in 1987. These developments have put some of these companies on par with large companies from developed countries. As many developing-country governments have eased their policies toward capital outflows their companies have expanded their operations abroad. 15000 multinational corporations have their presence in developing countries. Cross border MA activity was one of the primary reasons for increasing FDI outflows from developing countries. The total cross-border MA activity from the developing countries was valued at $80 billion in 2007, up from $75 billion in 2006. The activity was across sectors with service sector contributed about 60% of the total activity. MA ACTIVITY IN INDIA Indian MA activity totaled US$19.8 billion in FY08 as compared to US$33.1 billion in FY07. The decline in MA activity was in line with the global activity. The average size of deals in FY08 was US$23.4 million; far lower than that of US$70.5 million in FY 07. Cross-border MA totaled US$8.2 billion in FY08 after declining of 56.3% from the previous year, where the total cross-border MA was US$18.7 billion. The sector which witnessed highest decline (97.6%) in MA activity was the telecommunication sector due to the base effect of acquisition of Hutchison by Vodafone in FY07. Followed by telecommunications sector was the healthcare sector; declining 72.3% in FY08 again due to the base effect of US$1 billion acquisition of Matrix Laboratories in FY07. Financials sector was the third sector to experience decline in the MA activity. Trends Patterns of Indian acquisitions abroad MA activity has seen phenomenal rise in India in the past few years and some patterns are discernible in this mass of financial transactions.India has passed several milestones and come a long way from overseas investments of about $0.7 billion in 2000-01 to $2.7 billion in 2005-06 and finally to $11 billion in 2006-07. Save a slight lull in cross-border deals in 2000-2002,MA has only been rising in India. The number of overseas acquisitions was 38 in 2003 and rose to 177 in 2006. The first six months of 2007 saw a whopping 123 transactions. The value of outflows has increased from $649 million in 2003 to $32.9 billion in 2007. The value of overseas acquisitions by Indian firms far exceeded the value of foreign firms acquisitions in India for the first time in 2006. The African nations have especially opened up their economies to FDI flows from India hoping that the funds transfer; knowledge transfer and skill development will give their nearly stagnant economies a much needed boost. The Indian services sector was the first entrant to the area of overseas MA and later the primary manufacturing sectors ventured into it. However, eventually the manufacturing sector surpassed the services sector both in terms of number of transactions and value of transactions with overseas acquisitions in the services sector rising 2-3 times as compared to 5-22 times increase in the manufacturing sector in the period 2001-2007 Literature review According to Jankowitz (1991) have given more emphasises on the importance of the literature review by stressing that knowledge does not exist in a vacuum and your work only help in relation to others. He describes the literature review as providing a theoretical framework and condition for the project. An attempt has been made in the present paper to understand the motives and implications of the Merger-wave in the second half of the nineties. The analysis has been conducted in a comparative perspective by classifying the Acquiring firms into two categories in terms of ownership, namely, Indian owned and foreign owned. The paper is divided into seven sections iii) Policy-shift regarding MAs during the 1990s iv) Impact of MAs on the performance of Acquiring firms, v) Source of financing and some plausible issues for corporate governance Section I: Theories on Motives and Implications of MAs According to Cantwell and Santangelo 2002 the theories on MAs have been spreaded over the vast terrains of industrial organisation, financial, economic and international business studies. Thus researcher has been pointed out that the trends of MAs can be theoretically traced back to particular motives for MAs emphasized by industrial organization theories that is market power and defensive reactions, the financial economic literature that is managerial ego and international business research which is access to markets or technologies. We have classify these theories into four categories, namely, i) Mergers as efficiency enhancing measures: Mergers can lead to increased efficiencies. Such efficiencies and cost savings can flow from economies of scale and scope possible in the larger post-Merger operations, greater control over key inputs, product rationalisation, combining marketing, advertisement and distribution, or from cutting down overlapping Research and Development (Ansoff and Weston 1962. International MAs may be regarded as a new cross-border strategy that aims at increasing corporate global competitiveness by pursuing related diversification and by integrating affiliates into a global network (Cantwell Santangelo 2002). Schemalensee (1987) argued that the cost-reducing effect of a particular proposed Merger might probably outweigh its collusion-enhancing effects. Sanjaya Lall rightly questions whether the positive economic effects that cross-border Acquisitions can have outweigh the concerns they arouse (Lall, 2002). ii)Mergers as enhancing concentration and monopoly: The immediate effect of a Merger is to increase the degree of concentration as it reduces the number of firms. Another effect of Mergers on 8competition is on the generation of barriers to entry. Artificial barriers can be raised or strengthened, if the Merger results in a strengthening of product differentiation through legal rights in designs, patents and knowhow. Williamson (1968) argued that a small efficiency gain would generally be offset by a large increase in market power, which creates a situation that sets prices above the competitive levels. Further, the motives behind transnational or cross-border Acquisitions differ from those, which drive purely domestic Acquisitions. An Acquiring firm might decide to go in for international Merger in order to take advantage of cheap raw materials and labour, to capture profits from exchange rates, or to invest its surplus cash (Weston et al. 1996). The entry and subsequ ent activities of Multinational firms affect the structure of markets for goods and services in host countries in several different ways. Numerous studies for individual developing countries as well as developed economies indicate a positive association between TNC activities and the concentration of producers in host country industries (UNCTAD 1997: 137). Some qualifications and exceptions have also been pointed out about this trend. Greenfield investment in new production facilities adds to the number of firms engaged in the production of a good or service and it might reduce or at least, leave unchanged the concentration of producers in an industry. In contrast, FDI-entry through a Merger or Acquisition would increase the concentration of producers if a Merger or Take-over results in increased sales for the newly created foreign affiliates; or leave it unchanged, if its size is the same as that of the incumbent firm acquired(UNCTAD 1997: 141). The actual impact of an Acquisition on competition depends upon the marketing strategies of TNCs, as well as on industry and country-specific circumstances (Dunning 1993). The risk that CB MAs may reduce competition tends to be greater in those industries in which shrinking demand and 9 excess capacity are important motivations for MAs and in countries in which competition policy does not exist or where its implementation is weak (Zhan Ozawa 2001: 61). In sum, MAs as concentration enhancing and building oligopolistic market power is a rather familiar view in studies on Mergers internationally. iii) Mergers as driven by macro-economic changes: MAs areundertaken to compensate for instabilities such as wide fluctuations in demand and product mix, excess capacities related to slow sales growth and declining profit margins and technological shocks (Post 1994; Weston et al. 1996). Firms may pursue MAs for the sole reason of growing in size as size more than profitability or relative effic iency is considered to be the effective barrier against Takeovers (Singh 1975; 1992). It is also argued that the development of an active market for corporate control may encourage managers to empire build, not only to increase their monopoly power but also to progressively shield themselves from Takeover by becoming larger (Singh 2003). What is referred to herein is the defensive tactics of firms in a developing country like India. While there are firm-specific motives for undertaking CB MAs, there are also economic forces that have acted to encourage the CB MAs, such as the economic integration of the European Union (EU) and NAFTA represented by the creation of a common market (Caves1991;UNCTAD 1997). Macro-economic changes become the context or provide opportunities for MAs. Mergers may also be resorted to as defensive measures in response to major policy-shifts. iv) Mergers as driven by financial motives: Firms adopt MAs as a route to growth whenever alternative investment oppor tunities for financing corporate expansion in specific environments are less attractive. Availability of capital to finance Acquisitions and innovations in financial markets such as junk-bonds can also be among the reasons 10 for cross-border Mergers (Sudersanam 1995). The valuation differences of the share prices or economic disturbances lead to Acquisitions of firms that are low-valued from the viewpoint of outsiders (Gort 1969). Lower interest rates also lead to more Acquisitions, as Acquiring firms rely heavily on borrowed funds (Melicher et al 1983). It is also argued that the under-valuation of the dollar vis-a-vis pound and yen in the early eighties had resulted in some very substantial Acquisitions of assets in the United States by British and Japanese firms (Dunning 1993). The currency devaluations in the risis-affected countries as well as falling property prices reduced the foreign-currency costs of acquiring fixed assets in those countries and it has provided a golden opportunity for TNCs to enter their local markets (Zhan Ozawa, 2001). Our own earlier study (Beena 2001) clearly pointed out how financial motives had a crucial role in MAs during the first half of the decade of liberalisation. The study argued that among the motives for Mergers, in many cases, could have been the desire to improve the financial position of the firm through a viable capital structure and the desire of firms to exploit the opportunity provided by the initial post-liberalization buoyancy in the Indian stock market. It should not be surprising if in latest phase of contemporary finance capitalism, financial motives are also the major determinants of MAs in our country. Paul Sweezy (1994[1999]: 249) had spoken of the enormous growth of a financial superstructure atop the real productive base of the world economy [over the last three decades]. However, the linkages between a huge financial superstructure of the global capitalist economy and the financial motives of MAs in India is not so apparent and would need further exploration. Our classification of the four categories of theorisations on MAs throw light on one or the other aspect of the phenomenon. Each of them is true in its own right. However, it is context-specific studies that could substantiate the validity of each of these arguments. Motivation of cross-border acquisition There are four main reasons for Indian firms to have engaged in crossborder acquisitions, (see Acceenture, 2006). These include the need to enter new markets to maintain the current level of growth, to get closer to global customers to easily achieve market share and customer base via mergers compared to starting up new firms in foreign countries. Further, crossborder acquisitions help Indian firms to gain easier access to targets resources. Since 1995 over 60 percent of Indian MAs took place in Europe and North America; in the 2000-2006 period US firms followed by UK firms were the major target of 9 Indian acquirers. These developed markets were attractive due to their large customer base,advanced legal system, knowledge foundation, and sophisticated technologies. More importantly, acquisitions often prove to be the only way for Indian companies to be able to begin competing in these markets, due to the high level of existing competition in developed countries. However, to a lesser degree, Indian firms have also acquired firms in less developed countries. These deals are profitable because of high demand for foreign investment in some of these economies. These deals have also provided the Indian firms with access to resources Many Indian firms participate in crossborder MAs to expand their overall technical capabilities and to update their existing knowledge base. In most cases, the knowledge and technical expertise earned abroad can help the acquirers in improving their productivity in the domestic Indian market as well. Furthermore, crossboarder MAs can create excess value for Indian acquirers, relative to their competitors, by allowing them to save on labour and production costs. Some Indian firms, especially in the pharmaceutical sector, strive to increase their market share by enhancing the size of their product range or in general, to diversify the portfolio of products or services. This is possible through two avenues: buying the technology, or acquiring firms who already own that technology. Indian firms seem to have used both methods Trends of MAs: Indian Experience MA activity has seen phenomenal rise in India in the past few years and some patterns are discernible in this mass of financial transactions There are four sectors in India which have experienced the most detectable MA trend after deregulation, starting in 1991 (see Srinivasan, 2001). Consumer goods sector in which firms want to quickly achieve market share and banking and financial industry where size is an important factor due to higher capital requirements set by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) experienced many mergers. Sectors that are overloaded with many small players underwent consolidation. There were two sectors within which the need for high technology increased dramatically, such as telecommunication and pharmaceutical also underwent major merger activity The motivations underlying domestic takeovers in India are similar to the ones that promoted crossborder MAs in recent years. Liberalizations and deregulations have been the main driver of domestic as well as crossborder takeovers. Political, financial, and cultural reforms have fueled both crossborder and domestic MAs in India. Why India leads China in cross-border MA? Although FDI flows to China are relatively higher than those to India, Indian firms have performed much better than their Chinese counterparts in terms of overseas MA. A McKinsey analysis shows that Indian companies generate twice as much revenue from foreign sales as Chinese companies do! Other aspects like foreign asset-ownership and number of workers employed abroad also indicate a similar trend. In the year 2007, India registered a 126% jump in amount spent on international MA deals as opposed to a mere 82% of China. Now let us see some of the specific characteristics of Indian crossborder of MAs There are a host of reasons why Indian firms have outperformed their Chinese rivals in corporate deal-making abroad. Indian MAs have several distinct characteristics compared to those done by firms in the west or from China 1) Language skills and know-how English is the official business language in India and is built into the Indian education system. Chinese, on the other hand,have always been rigid and insisted on the use of their own language. Aversion to English language led to the isolation of the Chinese industry from the international corporate world. Now China, having realised this, is making concerted efforts to switch to English as the official language of communication. Chinese undervalue the role of soft skills in managing employees, business partners, stakeholders etc. Delegation of work,transparency, objective outlook, employee growth etc are aspects that are not yet developed in the Chinese work environment. This deters foreign employees from working in Chinese firms. Western employees are used to working with a high amount of latitude and things like close supervision, no clarity regarding management policies/expectations, corporate governance issues, favouritism and high level of political interference in the routine functioning of an organisation are deeply resented by western professionals. This impedes post-merger integration of a Chinese and western firm. China lacks the kind of leaders with international cultural understanding and flexibility to adapt to different markets and work environments. Leaders that can lead all employees without giving a sense of alienation to any specific group and successfully steer cross-border organisations are visibly lacking in China. Even though the economics of the deal make perfect sense, the inability to integrate the operations and most importantly employees of the two companies, spells doom for the new entity. Inhibitions about western cultures and practices have a profound effect in that Chinese leaders are now increasingly wary of undertaking overseas assignments. They find it difficult to blend and work with completely different thought processes and working culture. The loss of face resulting from the failure to integrate prompts Chinese employees to shun overseas assignments. To overcome this, these days Chinese companies do organise mandatory international training and orientation programmes to prepare its workforce for cross-border experiences. Since Chinese companies are still vastly state-controlled, finance skills of Chinese managers are at a nascent stage yet. Indian firms however and especially the private ones have very well developed finance skills competing with some of the best in the world. Handling diversity and differences in race, religion, ideas, personalities etc is much easier for Indians as compared to Chinese due to the relatively homogeneous Chinese society. Although both nations are huge (China being much bigger), India is considered as one of the societies with the highest intra-country diversity and hence Indians are much more used to handling differences/conflicts. 2) Corporate structure Many Indian firms have corporate structures similar to those prevalent in North America. These are companies with central leadership provided by owners but managed by professional managers. In contrast, most of the large Chinese companies are still state-owned and hence riddled with bureaucracy, political objectives. Senior management of these firms is always composed of members or people close to members of the Communist Party and strategy of the firm always is in line with the policy of the Chinese government. The lower management is ineffective, weak and resentful. Hence Indian firms responses to changes in the global industry are much quicker and strategic than those of Chinese firms. Chinas IT industry tried hard to give tough competition to the booming Indian IT industry but the fragmented nature of Chinas IT sector, along with poor product management and weak process controls failed Chinas attempt. Consolidation is the key to exploring better opportunities for the Chinese IT industry since its top 10 IT-service companies command only 20% of the market share as opposed to 45% market share of Indias top 10. 3) Focus on exports Majority of Chinese companies still focus on only exports for achieving short-term growth. MA is thought of as a strategy that is best suited for long-term growth. In the period 1995-2007, only 17 out of the top 100 Chinese companies signed cross-border deals as opposed to 31 out of the top 100 Indian companies with 18 of them successfully closing more than 3 deals each. 4) Political opposition Chinese companies frequently face fierce political backlash in western countries due to a general muted feeling of distrust regarding Chinas global plans and its eagerness to take possession of international natural resource reserves. CNOOCs (Chinese state-contro

threats to Families :: essays research papers

Threats to Families A force threatening today’s families in America is strictly the society in which we live. Society has become more and more of a problem. The problem seems to be universal no matter what age you are. The influences of society seems to be changing and is very debatable. Violence, music, and traditions being broken are three key factors of society threatening families in today’s day and age. Values truly come from the family you were raised in and how you, personally, were brought up. Outside influences can have a positive or negative impact on the family as a whole or as an individual member of a family. The main threatening force is violence. Not only is it in movies and T.V.shows, but now it has gotten to the point where it is displayed in schools. For example, the Columbine shooting was totally unexpected; no one seemed to know about it. There’s not much a family can do in that particular situation. No matter how much a parent discusses the dangers of violence, a child still could be tempted by outside influences. A way to prevent this type of problem is to engage in a variety of community activities all together as a family and stress the importance of family values such as love and respect to the children being raised.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Music is a key factor on influencing a family unit today. The influences of music affect children in different ways. In the 1950’s, the attitude of music was very different than it is now. The music was much more innocent. Today, children relate to each other and are setting different standards for themselves in a negative way. Kids hear explicit lyrics which then encourage some of them to get involved in sexual activity or relationships that they are not ready for because they are too young. Children should not be influenced by lyrics of words, but sadly enough it is proven that they take lyrics literally and try and imitate that individual. Not only do children listen, but they also watch and learn from elders. A threatening force are all of the young pop stars who dress inappropriately and the children, once again, try and mimic them which is a very negative concern. The only way to prevent children from being negatively influenced is to monitor what the y are watching and what type of music he or she is listening to.

Socialism :: essays research papers

History: The Socialist Party of the United States of America was formally organized at a unity convention in Indianapolis in 1901. The two merging groups were the Social Democratic Party of Eugene Victor Debs and the "Kangaroo" wing of the older Socialist Labor Party. From the beginning the Socialist Party was the organization for American radicals. Its membership included Marxists of various kinds, Christian socialists, Zionist and anti-Zionist Jewish socialists, foreign-language speaking sections, and virtually every variety of American radical. The Socialist Party historically stressed cooperatives as much as labor unions, and included the concepts of revolution by education and of "building the new society within the shell of the old." The Socialist Party aimed to become a major party; in the years prior to World War I it elected two Members of Congress, over 70 mayors, innumerable state legislators and city councilors. Its membership topped 100,000, and its Presidenti al candidate, Eugene Debs, received close to a million votes in 1912 and again in 1920. The outbreak of the war against Fascism and the wartime prosperity weakened all parties on the left. While the Communist Party suffered the most from the McCarthy period, all the left was seriously impaired, and by the mid-fifties little remained of organized radical politics. The Socialist Party was down to about 2,000 members, and had more or less withdrawn from electoral action in the face of the increasingly restrictive ballot-access laws passed by state legislatures around the country. In 1956 the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Federation reunited, under pressure from the Socialist International (with which both groups were affiliated). By 1970, the Socialist Party was showing a growing tendency toward democratic centralism in practice. At the end of 1972 the Socialist Party, changed its name to Social Democrats USA. Since 1973 the Socialist Party USA has focused its attention more on grassroots and local politics, and has dealt with the controversial issue of Presidential politics on a case-by-case basis. Due to America's restrictive and often undemocratic ballot access laws (which have made it almost impossible to break the two-party monopoly on national politics), the party views the races primarily as opportunities for educating the public about socialism and the need for electoral democracy in the US. Socialist Party’s Philosophy: The Socialist Party stands for the abolition of every form of domination and exploitation, whether based on social class, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, or other characteristics.

Personal Life and Perfect Dream Vacation Essay

Almost everyone has their own idea of a dream vacation. It’s the perfect place to get away from the reality of everyday life and the stress that goes along with it, and the choices and ideas of the â€Å"perfect vacation† are as varied as the people who dream about them. Some fantasize about lazing on a warm, sunny beach. Some dream of forests and wildlife, and fresh mountain. So what is my idea of the perfect dream vacation? It’s simple. It’s the place where there are no crowds, everything is familiar, the food is prepared to my specific taste, and the bed is my own. For me, there is no place like home. With a little forethought and planning, even home can be turned in to a dream vacation getaway. A leisurely breakfast is the perfect way to start each vacation day. A plate of fresh fruits, fluffy scrambled eggs, toast with butter, and a cup of hot coffee is sure to chase away that sleepy feeling and energize you for the day ahead. Maybe your favorite breakfast includes a bowl of cereal and a glass of orange juice, or a bagel with cream cheese and a cup of tea. Perhaps, while on vacation, you would like to try something new and different. Read more: My dream vacation essay Whatever your choice, be sure to take the time to just enjoy it. Of course, no vacation would be complete without a little bit of pampering and a vacation at home is no exception. If there is a spa in your hometown, make an appointment during one (or more) of the days of your scheduled vacation. Or, if you prefer, there are many different stores that sell all kinds of spa type items for use at home.| | My perfect vacation takes place during the warm summer months so a hammock in the back yard is the perfect place for daydreaming. There is nothing more relaxing than lying in a hammock under a shade tree while the gentle breeze of summer drifts over you and your mind wanders, either lost in carefree thought or traveling through the pages of your favorite book. If you don’t have a shade tree or a back yard, any comfortable place where you can sit back and relax will work. You may also choose to spend your time visiting some favorite local attractions or perhaps a leisurely stroll through a park. It really doesn’t matter what you choose to do, as long as you are having fun.. | | Vacationing at home allows you to take it easy and relax without the stress of schedules, travel plans, lost luggage and gas prices. You don’t have to worry about cab fares, or highway traffic. It can be as quiet and peaceful and exciting as you choose to make it. Your vacation at home can be tailor made to your specifications, wants, and desires. All it takes is a little thought, a little planning, and a little determination to make it the perfect dream vacation.| |

Respect Atticus Essay

â€Å"It is far better to be trusted and respected that is to be liked.† In the story To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is told from a child’s point of view, a girl name Jean Louise Finch that goes by the nickname Scout. Atticus Finch, her father, is the lawyer defending a black man, Tom Robinson, who has been accused of a crime. This story takes place in Maycomb, Alabama around the 1930’s. Atticus Finch does not care about age, appearance, or even skin color. He is not afraid to be himself and he is the same inside the house as he is on the streets. As the story progresses, Atticus presents himself as kind, wise, and calm. All the qualities which make him an admirable and respected leader throughout Maycomb. First, Atticus proves that he is one of the kindest men in Maycomb. He does not yell or swear and he treats everyone how he wants to be treated. One day, when Scout comes home from school, she tells Atticus that her teacher Miss Caroline does not want her father to teach her how to read anymore. Scout loves to read with Atticus and does not want to stop, so she explains to him that she would like to quit school. Atticus really didn’t like that idea so he makes a promise with her saying that they can keep reading together as long as she stays in school. Rather than threatening to punish his daughter for even thinking of that idea, Atticus speaks respectfully to Scout. Atticus always wants his children to come to him for advice so, that they grow up being kind and compassionate towards each other. Atticus also shows kindness when he tries to make Dill, Jem and Scout friend, feel better. After running away from home, Dill hides under Scout’s bed, cold and hungry, and Atticus decides to help him. Instead of telling Dill to go home without food, he talks to Scout. He says, â€Å"Scout, we can do better than a pan of cold corn bread, can’t we? You fill this fellow up and when I get back we’ll see what we can do.† Later on, Atticus realizes that Dill has a difficult home life, and with his kindness, he looks out for him as if he was his own child. Being kind is a way to be respected, because if you’re mean and mad all the time people won’t even acknowledge you. Next, Atticus is considered wise because he is able to use things he has been taught toward his children and others in distinct ways. When Mrs. Dubose, the Finch’s elderly neighbor dies, Atticus uses her death as an opportunity to teach Jem and Scout a lesson. Mrs. Dubose was a morphine addict who was dying of old age. She wanted to die clean of any drugs even though with her giving up caused her much pain. Atticus believes her decision shows true courage and bravery. He explains this to his children, â€Å"‘I want you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know you’re licked before you even begin, but you begin anyways and you see it through no matter what.† Atticus respects Mrs. Dubose for her courage as much as Mrs. Dubose respects Atticus for his wisdom and good advice. Atticus thinks when Tim Johnson had shot that rabid dog that does not make him brave. Also, Atticus wisdom never gives up during the trial. During his closing statement he says to the jury, â€Å"A court is only as sound as its jury, and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God do your duty.† Atticus was trying to remind the jury that Tom is a human being with a family. That was a wise way for Atticus to end his defense strategy at the trial, because his statement leads the jury to deliberate for hours rather than minutes. Atticus defending Tom Robinson was unacceptable in the town of Maycomb. People respected him because he stood up for what he believed was right. He believed that the court was the only place what provided equal justice but it didn’t. He had real courage to do something that other people were scared of. Additionally, Calm is another way to describe Atticus Finch. He never overreacts under pressure even in the worst situations. The day Atticus hears that Tom Robinson was shot, it was a horrible day for him, but he knew what he had to do. He had to stay calm and tell his family what had happened. Atticus explains the tragedy to Calpurnia, his cook, by saying, ‘â€Å"Depends on how you look at it. What was one Negro, more or less, among two hundred of ‘em? He wasn’t Tom to them, he was an escaping prisoner.† Atticus could have become angry with the guards that shot Tom, but instead he takes the time to see Tom’s death from the guards’ point of view. Staying calm is important, especially when dealing with someone who is unreasonable. For an example, Bob Ewell, the father who accused Tom of raping his daughter Mayella, is one of the meanest men anyone could come in contact with. Instead of being mature and talking to Atticus when he was upset, Bob decides to take his anger out on Atticus and spits on his face. Atticus controls his actions by simply wiping his face and walking away. He could have become mad but he maintains his self control. Atticus stays calm, even in the most difficult situations. That’s what makes him so respected by so many people. People doesn’t want a leader that over reacts or doesn’t stand up for what he believes. They want somebody that’s responsible and willing to stay strong in any circumstances. Throughout the Story, Atticus shows that being Kind, wise, and calm is the best way anyone can live his life and be respected. Atticus approaches the worst times with warnings and thoughtfulness while continuing to take care his children. Scout and Jem learn through their father that everyone makes mistakes and that resolving the problems takes skill and patience. Atticus’s experiences serve as important life-lessons for his children rather than situations too challenging to handle. His reminder to walk in someone’s skin rather than judging him teaches his children that all people can be misunderstood just as easily as they can be appreciated. People supported his actions and respected his courage. They just don’t have their own courage to speak up for justice. Atticus’s views towards the blacks in the community are not socially acceptable; however, so people criticize him for these bad choices or risks.